Idizayini yephakheji yokuthengisa, izinto zokupakisha zekhekhe

Idizayini yephakheji yokuthengisa,izinto zokupakisha zekhekhe

Ulwazi oluyisisekelo lomklamo wokupakisha wokuthengisa

1. Umqondo wokupakishwa kokuthengisa kanye nomsebenzi wawo,izinto zokupakisha zekhekhe 

Ukupakishwa kokuthengiswa komkhiqizo,izinto zokupakisha zekhekhe,eyaziwa nangokuthi i-packaging encane, i-retail packaging, iphakheji encane edayiselwa abathengi ngemikhiqizo ngenjongo yokuthengisa. Inemisebenzi elandelayo: umsebenzi wokuqashelwa, umsebenzi wokwenza lula, umsebenzi wokwenza ube muhle, umcabango kanye nomsebenzi wokuhlanganisa. Okuqukethwe okuyinhloko komklamo wokupakisha wokuthengisa kuwumklamo wokuhlobisa wokupakisha kanye nomklamo olula, umhlobiso wokupakisha ubhekisela ekuhlobiseni nasekuhlobiseni ukupakishwa kokuthengiswa kwempahla. Umumo, umbala, umbhalo, ukubophezela, iphethini, ukuthungwa, uhlobo kanye nezinye izici zephakheji zihlanganisa ubuciko obuphelele, obudlala indima ekudluliseni ulwazi lwempahla, ukukhangisa impahla, ukwenza impahla ibe yinhle, ukukhombisa izici zempahla, ukukhuthaza ukuthengiswa kanye nokwenza lula ukusetshenziswa.Izimpahla zokupakisha zekhekhe futhiUkupakishwa kokuthengisa nokuhlobisa kuyisikhangiso esingabonakala yonke indawo emakethe, iyithuluzi lokudlulisela ngokuqondile ulwazi emakethe ekhona kanye nemakethe engase ibe khona, kuyisikhali esinamandla sokuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwezimpahla, futhi kuyindlela evamile yokukhuthaza ukumaketha. . Umphumela weizinto zokupakisha zekhekheiphakethe lokuthengisa eliyimpumelelo ekuthuthukiseni ukuthengisa nokwenyusa amanani ngokungangabazeki likhulu.

Izidingo eziyisisekelo zomklamo wokupakisha wokuthengisa yilezi: ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamazinga nemithetho kazwelonke efaneleokweizinto zokupakisha zekhekhe; Kuzokwenziwa ngokuhambisana nokuqukethwe kanye nezidingo ezibalulwe ekwabiweni kwephrojekthi noma kwinkontileka; Okuqukethwe kuyahambisana nezinto zokupakisha; Thatha i-akhawunti ephelele yezinzuzo zomphakathi nezomnotho futhi unciphise izindleko zokupakisha ngangokunokwenzeka; Ukugaywa kabusha kwezinto zokupakisha, iziqukathi noma ukulahlwa kwemfucuza kufanele kubhekwe; Ukuqina, amandla, ukuqina kanye nezidingo zokuphepha kanye nenhlanzeko yephakheji kufanele kuqinisekiswe; Kufanele kube kulungele ukusebenza kokupakisha, ukubonisa, ukuthwala, ukuvulwa, ukulondolozwa kanye nokusetshenziswa: ukwakheka kanye nevolumu yomusho kufanele kubhekwe njengokuhambisana nokumiswa kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha.i-asloizinto zokupakisha zekhekhe, ukuze kube lula ukuhamba nokupakisha; Umthelela wayo weshalofu kanye nomsebenzi wokudlulisa ulwazi kufanele kubhekwe ngokugcwele; Izidingo zobuchwepheshe esikimini sokuklama kufanele ziqinisekiswe ngezindlela zokuhlola.

2. Izimiso zokuklama nezici zedizayini Ukuze kwandiswe umsebenzi womkhiqizoizinto zokupakisha zekhekheukupakisha nokunikeza umdlalo ogcwele emthelela wokupakisha ekukhangiseni, ukwakheka kokupakishwa komkhiqizo kufanele kulandele lezi zimiso ezilandelayo:

(1) Iphakheji yokuthengisa yesayensi nokuphephafuthiizinto zokupakisha zekhekheukuklama kufanele kusekelwe ezicini zokuqukethwe kanye nezinga lokuvikela elidingekayo kanye nezidingo zokuthengisa, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nezinye izici zokukhethwa okunengqondo kwezinto zokupakisha. Ukunquma ngokwesayensiizinto zokupakisha zekhekheisakhiwo emaphaketheni kanye nezindlela zokuvikela, ukusetshenziswa eziphambiliizinto zokupakisha zekhekheemaphaketheni ubuchwepheshe kanye nobuchwepheshe, ukuze isakhiwo jikeleleizinto zokupakisha zekhekheukupakishwa kunengqondo enkulu namandla anele, futhi kuqinisekisa ngokugcwele ukuthi (2) ukupakishwa kwezomnotho kuhlobene eduzeizinto zokupakisha zekhekheizindleko zomkhiqizo kanye nezindleko zokujikeleza. Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezimpahla eziqukethwe emisebenzini edingekayo edingwa ukupakishwa, kanye nokuzuza ukulingana okuphelele phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene.izinto zokupakisha zekhekheimisebenzi yokupakisha. Ngaphansi kwemibandela, umklamo wokupakisha kufanele ukhethe izinto zokupakisha ezishibhile, ngesisekelo sokungathinti ikhwalithi yokupakisha, ukwakheka kokupakisha kufanele kukhethe inani elifanele.izinto zokupakisha zekhekheizinto zokupakisha, ngesisekelo sokungathinti ikhwalithi yokupakisha, kufanele zisebenzise izindlela zezomnotho nezilula zokunciphisa izindleko zokupakisha, ukuze kuncishiswe intengo yezimpahla, ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla, kufanele ukhethe isisindo esilula. izinto zokupakisha, Yehlisa isisindo sokupakisha ngangokunokwenzeka, nciphisa ivolumu yokupakisha, uzuze ukulinganisa kokucaciswa kokupakisha, futhi unciphise ukujikeleza

3) Ukufaneleka kufanele kusekelwe ezidingweni zeizinto zokupakisha zekhekheukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo, ukuthengiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa, ukuze kube lula abakhiqizi ukuzuza okuqhubekayo nokuzenzakalelayoizinto zokupakisha zekhekheukupakisha, ukusiza abathengisi ukuthi babonise futhi badayise, futhi kusize abathengi ukuthi basebenzise, ​​baphathe, bavule futhi bavale. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuye ngokuthi izindleko. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zipakishwa ngamanani ahlukene, amandla kanye nokucaciswa, futhi imikhiqizo ehlobene isetshenziselwa ukusekela.izinto zokupakisha zekhekheukupakisha. (4) Idizayini yokupakisha emisha yokuthengisa umkhiqizo ukuze ivumelane nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa nokushintshwa kwemakethe kanye neThe Times, ukuqamba okusha okuqhubekayo, ukuze ukupakishwa komkhiqizo kuhluke futhi kube inoveli, futhi ukupakishwa kweminye imikhiqizo efanayo kunomehluko ohlukile, ukuze kwenziwe ngcono ukuncintisana kwemakethe kwemikhiqizo

(5) Ukukhangisa kobuhle kufanele kube nokuma okuhle, umbala kanye nephethini, kuhlangabezane nezidingo ezingokwengqondo zobuhle zabathengi, kukhuthaze ikhono lokusiza imikhiqizo ukuthi ihlale emakethe futhi yandise ukuthengiswa. Abathengi banomuzwa wobuhle bezimpahla, ukuze iizinto zokupakisha zekhekheukupakishwa nokuhlobisa kungabhekana ne-psychology yabathengi futhi kukhuthaze ukuthengiswa kweizinto zokupakisha zekhekheimikhiqizo

(6) Inhlanzeko kufanele ibambe iqhaza elikhethekile ekwakhiweni kokupakishwa kokuthengisa kokudla, izimonyo, imithi, imikhiqizo yezempilo neminye imikhiqizo. Naka izidingo zempilo nokuphepha kwemikhiqizo epakishiwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyadingeka ukuthiizinto zokupakisha zekhekheukupakishwa kungahlukanisa ukungcoliswa kwezici ezihlukahlukene ezingahlanzekile, ikakhulukazi ukungcoliswa kwama-microorganisms, izinambuzane namagundane; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto zokupakisha akufanele zibe nezinto ezinobuthi kanye namakhemikhali ayingozi Shintsha.

(7) Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo ekwakhiweni kweizinto zokupakisha zekhekheemaphaketheni, kufanele sicabangele izidingo zokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukukhulisa ukuqwashisa akukho ukungcola kanye nokuqwashisa imvelo, ukuzivumelanisa nezimakethe zomhlaba ngenxa amazinga amasha kanye nemithetho emisha mayelana nokupakisha izinto kanye nemfucuza emaphaketheni okubangelwa umncintiswano omusha, ngamandla ukuthuthukisa imfucuza kancane. , ingaphinda isetshenziswe kabusha, kulula ukuyigaya kabusha noma ukuzilimaza ngokwakho kokupakishwa okuluhlaza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ekuthengisweniizinto zokupakisha zekhekheumklamo wokupakisha kufanele futhi unake ukuthuthukiswa okunengqondo kwalawo maphakheji okonga izinsiza.

Ububanzi bokuthengisaizinto zokupakisha zekhekheumklamo wokupakisha uhlanganisa izici ezintathu: umklamo wokumodela wesitsha; Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo; Umklamo wokuhlobisa.

Lezi zici ezintathu zihlobene futhi ziyaphambana, futhi azikwazi ukuhlukaniswa ngokuphelele.

Umgomo ojwayelekile wokuthengisaizinto zokupakisha zekhekheumklamo wokupakisha uthi: “ngokwesayensi, ezomnotho, eqinile, enhle, ethengiswayo”. Lesi simiso sibekwe phambili mayelana nomsebenzi oyisisekelo wokupakisha, futhi iyisidingo esiphelele somklamo wokupakisha wokuthengisa. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, njengokugxila emsebenzini wokuxhumana nomsebenzi wokukhuthaza wedizayini yokupakisha, kufanele futhi ihlangabezane nezidingo ezine eziyisisekelo ezilandelayo: kulula ukuzibona; Bamba iso; Yiba nomuzwa omuhle, ngokufanelekile. Lezi zici ezine ezingenhla zibalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukudayiswa kwezimpahla, futhi zikhawulelana futhi zixhumanisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwalezi ezine, okuwukhiye ekuthengisweni kwezimpahla.izinto zokupakisha zekhekheumklamo wokupakisha.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko weizinto zokupakisha zekhekheidizayini yokupakisha iyiphakheji yokuthengisa yemikhiqizo, edlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni inani lomkhiqizo kanye nokuncintisana ukuze kwandiswe imakethe futhi kwandiswe ukuthengiswa. Ngokuthuthuka komnotho, idizayini yokupakisha nokuhlobisa ithuthukile kusukela kuma-appendages omkhiqizo wangempela ukuze ibe nenani elifanayo nomkhiqizo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kubaluleke nakakhulu kunomkhiqizo.

Idizayini yokuhlobisa yokupakisha ikakhulukazi inobubili bobuciko nokusebenza. Ukusebenziseka kungokokuqala, futhi ubuciko butholakala ekusebenzeni, okuyisici esivamile sobuciko obusebenzayo. Idizayini yokupakisha nokuhlobisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthengiswa komkhiqizo njengenjongo eyinhloko ebudlelwaneni phakathi kobuciko nokusebenza kunezici ezithile ezihlukile zobuntu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo,izinto zokupakisha zekhekheukupakisha umhlobiso design futhi unobuciko kanye commercial; Ezobuciko nezesayensi; Ubuciko kanye nokusebenza; Izici zobuciko kanye nokuhambisana nesikhathi.

3. Ukuma kwedizayini

Ukuma kwedizayini kuyindlela esondelene kakhulu nomqondo wokuklama, ogcizelela ukubaluleka, inhloso kanye nokusebenziseka komklamo, futhi isungula okuqukethwe okuyinhloko kanye nesiqondiso somqondo wokuklama nokusebenza. Kukhona ukuqonda okuhlukene mayelana nokuma kwedizayini. Nakuba kungewona umcabango ngokwawo, ubaluleke kakhulu njengesisekelo nesisekelo somqondo wokuklama.

Ukubaluleka okuyinhloko kokuma kwedizayini ukugcizelela izici zabo siqu eziphakeme kuneminye imikhiqizo, ukugqamisa izici ezibalulekile abanye abangazicabangelanga emaphaketheni abo, nokusungula itimu nokugxila komklamo. Ukuma kwedizayini kungahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili:

(1) Ukuqoqwa kwedatha Ukuqoqwa kwedatha yisigaba sokulungiselela sokuma komklamo. Emphakathini wanamuhla, kucace kakhulu ukuqhathanisa ukuncintisana kwemakethe "nempi yebhizinisi". Ukunqoba impi, ukuzazi wena nesitha kuyisimo sokuqala. Umklamo wokupakisha nokuhlobisa emncintiswaneni wemakethe ikakhulukazi ubhekana nezinselele ezimbili: eyodwa ukukhethwa kwabathengi, okwesibili ukuncintisana kwemikhiqizo efanayo. Kuyisisekelo sokuma kwedizayini ukuqonda isimo esifanele sento yokuncintisana yento yokuklama. Inhloso yokuqoqa ulwazi iwukwazi omunye umuntu. Lokhu

Ukuma kwedizayini kuwumsebenzi okufanele wenziwe. Ukuqoqwa kwedatha kufanele kwenziwe kusukela ezicini ezimbili zento yokuklama nento yokuncintisana ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi okuqukethwe okuthile kungahlukaniswa izingxenye ezintathu: ukuthengiswa kwemakethe, imikhiqizo, ukupakisha kanye nomklamo wokuhlobisa.

Ukuthengisa kuhlanganisa: izinto ezisetshenziswayo; Ubudlelwano bokuhlinzeka nokufuna; Isabelo semakethe; Indawo yokuthengisa kanye nenkathi; thengisa

Indlela.

Izimpahla zokupakisha zekhekhe pImizila ihlanganisa: uphawu kanye nebanga; Izici nemisebenzi; Ikhwalithi nokusebenzisa, umjikelezo wempilo, izinto zokwakha, izinqubo kanye nobuchwepheshe; Izindleko kanye nenzuzo.

3 Idizayini yokuhlobisa yokupakisha ihlanganisa:izinto zokupakisha zekhekheizinto zokupakisha, ubuchwepheshe kanye nobuchwepheshe, ifomu lokupakisha kanye nesakhiwo, izindlela zokubonisa kanye nesitayela sokukhuluma; Izindleko zokupakisha; Kunezinkinga.

Ulwazi lomkhiqizo kanye nokumaketha lungaqondwa futhi lutholwe kumklami ophathisiwe, futhi ulwazi lokupakisha nokuhlobisa kufanele lubambe iqhaza mathupha ophenyweni nasekucwaningeni komklami. Ukuqoqwa kwedatha kufanele kube okugcwele futhi kunembile ngangokunokwenzeka, okuhlobene ngokuqondile nesinqumo sokuma komklamo kanye nokuqaliswa kokusebenza kokuklama.

(2) Isinqumo sokuma Isinqumo sokumisa siwukuqoqa lonke ulwazi, mayelana nezakhi eziyisisekelo zomklamo wokupakisha wokuthengisa wokuhlaziya okuqhathanisayo kwento ngayinye, bese kuba ngesisekelo sokuthuthukisa amandla nokugwema ubuthakathaka ngesisekelo sokuhlola, futhi ekugcineni. thola ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe

Futhi gqamisa ukuthi yini. Izinto ezintathu eziyisisekelo zokuma kwedizayini ibhrendi, umkhiqizo kanye nomthengi. Lezi zinto ezintathu eziyisisekelo kufanele zibonakale ekuthengisweniizinto zokupakisha zekhekheokuqukethwe komklamo wokupakisha, inkinga iwukuthi isici ngasinye esiyisisekelo siqukethe inani elikhulu lokuqukethwe kolwazi olucebile, ukuma kwedizayini ukucacisa ubudlelwano obuyisisekelo nobesibili, ukusungula itimu yokuklama nokugxila.

Ngesisekelo sokuma komkhiqizo, ukuma komkhiqizo kanye nokumiswa kwabathengi, inhlanganisela ehlukahlukene nayo ingenziwa ngokuya ngesimo esithile somkhiqizo kanye nemakethe, okungukuthi, itimu yokuklama iqukethe izici eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Isibonelo, imikhiqizo nemikhiqizo,izinto zokupakisha zekhekheimikhiqizo nabathengi, amabhrendi nabathengi, njll. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni lwe-design orientation eyamukelwayo, ukhiye ukusungula ukugxila ekusebenzeni. Akukho ukugxila, okulingana nokuqukethwe; Ukugcizelela kakhulu kulingana nokungagxili, futhi kokubili kulahlekelwa incazelo yokuma komklamo.

Okuqukethwe okuyisisekelo komklamo wokupakisha wokuthengisa Okuqukethwe okuyisisekelo komklamo wokupakisha okuthengiswayo ukuklama ukumodela, ukwakheka kombhalo, ukuklama kombala, ukuklama iphethini kanye nomklamo ofanele.

Ukuma komklamo wokuthengisa wokupakisha kufanele kube okusebenzayo, okwesibili ukuba kuhle, kanti okwesithathu ukuceba ngoshintsho. Ukuma kokuthengisaizinto zokupakisha zekhekheukupakishwa kuvame ukupakishwa, ukuvulwa kwamafasitela, ukuphatheka, ukulenga, obala, ukuvuleka kalula, ukusebenziseka kabusha, isipho nokunye.

1. Izimpahla zokupakisha zekhekheidizayini yokupakisha esitsheni sokupakisha iribhoni eyengeziwe yangaphandle neyangaphakathi, ifindo lembali, njll., ukugqamisa nokuthuthukisa umphumela wobuciko wokumodela kokupakisha. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umgomo wokwenza lula ubaluleke kakhulu ekubunjweni kokupakisha, okunqunywa ukusebenza kokukhiqizwa okukhulu nokupakishwa. Okokuqala, imodeli eyinkimbinkimbi ayifanele ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi, ayihambisani nesimiso sokulondoloza umnotho, futhi akulula ukuyisebenzisa, futhi okwesibili, ihlobene nokunambitheka kobuhle kwabathengi, ukumodela okulula nokukhanyayo kulula. ukuze kubonakale, bushelelezi, ngokwemvelo, ukumodeliswa kokudala kungumthengi

Ake silinde.

Kuthandiwe. Idizayini yombhalo iyingxenye ebalulekile yokupakishwa komhlobiso wokwakheka kwendawo, indima yayo eyinhloko ukukhuthaza imikhiqizo, ukwethula ukukhiqizwa

2. Ukuthengiswa kweizinto zokupakisha zekhekheukupakisha imikhiqizo yokuklama umbhalo, ngenkathi idlala indima yokuhlobisa esithombeni. Umqondo kanye nomklamo wombhalo kufanele usekelwe ezicini zomkhiqizo kanye nezici zendawo yokuthengisa ukuze uzame ukufeza kokubili okuhle nokuzwakalayo, ulimi kufanele lube mfushane futhi lube yiqiniso, igama kufanele libe eliqinile, umbhalo nokuhumusha. kufanele kube nenembile, isitayela sefonti nesikrini sokuhlobisa kufanele kuhlanganiswe futhi kuhlanganiswe, futhi isakhiwo kufanele sibe esinengqondo. Izimpawu zokuthengisa namagama emikhiqizo awumphefumulo wesithombe sokupakisha nokuhlobisa, okufanele siklanywe engxenyeni eyinhloko yesithombe; Igama lomkhiqizo lingabekwa endaweni yesibili, futhi omunye umbhalo wolwazi, umbhalo ochazayo, umbhalo wokukhangisa, njll. kufanele uhlelwe ngokwengqondo ngokuya ngesisekelo sokuqala nesesibili. Njengamanje, amazwe amaningi adinga ukupakishwa komkhiqizo ukuze asebenzise amasethi amabili noma ngaphezulu ombhalo, ngakho-ke ngokwezici nezidingo zamazwe ahlukene, ukukhetha okunengqondo kombhalo, okufanele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela ngesakhiwo se-calligraphy, usayizi wamagama, ukukhethwa kwefonti, ubudlelwano bokuminyana kanye ezinye izici zokukhetha okulungile.

3. Izimpahla zokupakisha zekhekhe packaging umbala design

Umbala uwulimi lobuciko lokupakisha nokuhlobisa, futhi uyinkomba ebonakalayo yabathengi ukuthenga izimpahla. Umbala ungadlulisa ulwazi oluhlukahlukene, uveze incazelo ecebile, uvuse umcabango omuhle wabantu, ukuze ulethe umthelela oqondile ekuthengisweni kwempahla. Umklamo wombala kufanele ulalele isihloko sesithombe, ngokusho kwemvelo nezici zomkhiqizo ozokwenziwa, ikakhulukazi ukucabangela ukusetshenziswa kombala wemvelo, umbala othandwayo nombala wendabuko.

Izwe ngalinye nesifunda sinokuzikhethela kwemibala yendabuko, okungukuthi, imibala eyisisekelo. Imizwa yabantu nokukhetha umbala ngokuvamile kuthonywa izimo zendawo, amasiko ezizwe, izinkolelo zenkolo, izici zezombangazwe nezindlela zokuphila.

Umbala odumile wokupakisha umbala owamukelwa futhi othandwa uquqaba olubanzi endaweni ethile kanye nenkathi ethile. Ukuvela kombala othandwayo kuwumphumela ongenakugwemeka wesidingo sobusha bomuntu, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwayo kunokujwayelekile okuthile. Ukuphishekela komthengi imibala ethandwayo kubonisa isifiso somthengi sokushintsha, ukuzithuthukisa, ukuhambisana nokuthambekela, nokuba nesibindi sokuphishekela isimo sengqondo, okuyisici sempilo yomthengi. Idizayini yombala yokupakishwa kwentengiso akufanele ilahlekelwe isikhathi ekuthwebuleni ulwazi oludumile nokuklama imibala ngesitayela esidumile nomuzwa we-Times.

Umbala wokupakisha umbala osetshenziswe izinto ezahlukene isikhathi eside futhi abathengi basetshenziselwe ukwamukela. Njengokusebenzisa imibala efudumele ukuze ugcizelele umsoco omnandi wokudla; Sebenzisa imibala epholile ukuze ugcizelele ukuqina kwemikhiqizo eyimishini. Umbala wangokwezifiso wokupakisha unombono ojulile ezingqondweni zabathengi. Ukukhethwa kombala wokupakisha ngezinye izikhathi kulula ukubangela ukufana phakathi kwezimpahla, ukufana akusizi ukuthengisa. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha umbala, kufanele sibe abahle at isiko edonsa, kodwa futhi alinge ukusungula. 4. Ukumodela kwephethini yokuhlobisa yokupakisha

Imidwebo, izithombe, amaphethini okuhlobisa kanye namafomu okusiza phambi komhlobiso wokupakisha abizwa ngokuthi amaphethini wesithombe sokupakisha. Umkhiqizo ophathekayo oboniswa emaphaketheni abonisa ngale nakumafasitela nawo uyingxenye ebalulekile yesithombe sokuhlobisa. Umklamo wephethini uvame ukusebenzisa amasu okuklama ahlukahlukene, njengomdwebo wokuhlobisa, umdwebo wekhathuni, umdwebo, umdwebo wamaShayina, umdwebo wamafutha, umdwebo we-watercolor, umdwebo we-calligraphy, ukusika uphawu, ukusika iphepha, ukuthwebula izithombe, futhi usebenzisa amakhono ahlukahlukene wokuklama, ukuze itimu yokuklama ingathuthukiswa ngokugcwele futhi idalwe.