Izici zamakhemikhali ezithintayoizinto zokupakisha ze-baklavaizinqubo

Ukwazi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, izakhiwo zamakhemikhali kanye nezinguquko zamakhemikhali ezinto ezipakishiwe, ukuqonda nokufunda izakhiwo kanye nezindlela zokuwohloka kwezinto ngesikhathi sokujikeleza, nokukhetha izindlela zobuchwepheshe zokuvikela amakhemikhali kuzosiza ukuklama kahle ukupakisha nokulungiselela.izinto zokupakisha ze-baklavaizinqubo zenqubo.

1. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali komkhiqizo

Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali emikhiqizo epakishiwe kungahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu: izakhi ze-inorganic, izakhi eziphilayo kanye nezingxenye ezixutshwe kokubili. Izinguquko zekhwalithi zemikhiqizo epakishiwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokusabalalisa ngokuyinhloko ziwumphumela wemiphumela ehlanganisiwe yezinguquko zamakhemikhali, izinguquko zomzimba kanye nemisebenzi yomzimba yomkhiqizo ngokwawo, okunqunywa izingxenye zomkhiqizo ohlanganisiwe ngokwawo kanye nezimo endaweni yomjikelezo. .

(1)Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okudla Ukudla kuhlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili: ukudla kwemvelo nokudla okugayiwe. Ukudla kwemvelo kungukudla okusha nokusha okungakacutshungulwa. Ukudla okugayiwe kuwumkhiqizo otholakala ngokucubungula ukudla kwemvelo njengezinto ezingavuthiwe, njengokusanhlamvu okuqediwe, uswidi, amakhekhe, okokugcina, amathini, iziphuzo, ugwayi, iwayini, itiye, izinongo, ukudla okulula, imikhiqizo yobisi, ukhukhamba, njll. izithako ama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni, amafutha, i-cellulose, amavithamini, amaminerali, njll. Ukudla okusha nokusha, njengezithelo, imifino, izinhlanzi ezintsha nezimfanzi, njll, ngaphezu kwalokho. ukuqukatha izithako ezingenhla, nabo benza imisebenzi ye-metabolic futhi bayaqhubeka

Iyaqhubeka nokwenza i-oxidation yezinto eziphilayo ngaphansi kwe-catalysis yama-enzyme, okungukuthi, futhi yenza imisebenzi evamile yomzimba.

(2)Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ezidakamizwa Imikhiqizo yemithi imithi yokwelapha kanye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo, okuhlanganisa imijovo, uketshezi, izimpushana, amaphilisi, amaphilisi, amafutha okugcoba nezindwangu. Iningi lalawa ma-ejenti liyingxube yezithako noma izinto zokwakha ezimbalwa. Ezinye zazo zenziwe ngezithako ezimbalwa ze-inorganic noma izithako ze-organic ezixutshwe ngokwehlukana, njenge-ginseng royal jelly, amaphilisi e-Yinqiao Jiedu, njll., wonke axutshwe nezithako ezimbalwa ezahlukahlukene.

(3)Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwezimonyo Izimonyo ziyimikhiqizo yamakhemikhali yansuku zonke esetshenziselwa ukuvikela nokuhlobisa isikhumba somuntu. Ikakhulukazi zifaka amafutha okugcoba, izimpushana, izinto ezisebenza ngamanzi, izinto zikawoyela, njll. Izimonyo ziqukethe iphunga, umbala, okokugeza, okokudla, imithi, njll. Izithako, isilinganiso.

Kuyingxube yezinto ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali noma izinto zemvelo. Evundlile

(4)Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwemikhiqizo ye-electromechanical Izingxenye eziningi zemikhiqizo ye-electromechanical zenziwe ngensimbi ekhonjiwe, insimbi ye-carbon, ithusi, i-aluminium nezinye izinto zensimbi, futhi eziningi zazo ziyinsimbi ephonsiwe ne-carbon steel. Izingxenye zabo eziyinhloko ziyinsimbi, ikhabhoni nezinhlanganisela zazo. I-ayoni iyinsimbi esebenzayo futhi ingakha kalula amabhethri amancane anekhabhoni nezinsimbi zokungcola ezingasebenzi. Ngakho-ke, insimbi iyimpahla egqwala kalula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kokuba izingxenye ezithile zemikhiqizo yemishini nekagesi zishisiwe, zishiswe, ziphathwe ngokushisa noma zisonte, zicindezelwe noma zigotshwe, zizokwenza izinguquko zengcindezi ngaphakathi kwensimbi. Lezi zici zemishini zizophinde zikhuthaze ukugqwala kwensimbi, okubizwa ngokuthi "i-stress corrosion".

(5)Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali amakhemikhali ayingozi Izingozi zamakhemikhali zibhekisela ezintweni ezivutha umlilo, eziqhumayo, ezinobuthi obuphezulu, ezigqwala kakhulu nezikhipha imisebe. Ngokwezakhiwo zawo zamakhemikhali, zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba eziyishumi: izinto eziqhumayo, ama-oxidants, amagesi acindezelwe namagesi aluketshezi, izinto ezivuthayo ezizenzakalelayo, izinto ezisha lapho zichayeke emanzini, uketshezi oluvuthayo, izinto eziqinile ezivuthayo, izinto ezinobuthi, izinto ezibolayo kanye nemisebe ekhipha imisebe. izinto. Ezinye zalezi zinto ziyizinto eziphilayo ezakhiwe ngekhabhoni, i-hydrogen, nomoya-mpilo, ezinye ziyizinsimbi ezisebenzayo noma izinsimbi ezikhipha imisebe, kanti ezinye ziyizinto ezinobuthi ezingaphili noma ezingaphili. Izakhiwo zabo zamakhemikhali ziyahlukahluka kuye ngezinhlobo zazo.

 

Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zemikhiqizo epakishiwe zibhekisela ezakhiweni lapho ifomu, ukwakheka kanye nezingxenye zomkhiqizo zenza izinguquko ezibalulekile ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhanya, ukushisa, umoya-mpilo, i-asidi, i-alkali, usawoti, izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali, ukugqwala. , ubuthi, ukuvutha nokuqhuma, njll.

(1)Ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali omkhiqizo Ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali kubhekisela ekusebenzeni komkhiqizo ongakwazi ukubola, ukukhishwa kwe-oxidation noma ezinye izinguquko phakathi kwebanga elithile ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto zangaphandle. Ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali kunqunywa izingxenye nesakhiwo somkhiqizo, kanye nezimo zangaphandle nezinye izici. Isibonelo, i-phosphorus ebomvu iyasha uma ishisa ku-160C, kuyilapho i-phosphorus ephuzi ifakwa kalula i-oxid futhi ingashisa ku-40C. Izingxenye eziyisisekelo ze-carbon steel nensimbi engagqwali ziyinsimbi ne-carbon, kodwa ukugqwala kwazo kanye ne-magnetism kuhluke kakhulu.

(2)Ubuthi bemikhiqizo Ubuthi busho impahla yemikhiqizo ethile yokupakisha engasebenzisana ngamakhemikhali nezicubu ezithile zomzimba futhi ibhubhise imisebenzi evamile yokuphila komzimba. Imikhiqizo enobuthi ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa imithi, izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali, ehlukaniswe yaba imikhiqizo enobuthi kakhulu futhi enobuthi. Ulwazi oluhlobene nobuthi lungatholakala kulwazi olufanele.

(3)Ukubola kwemikhiqizo Ukubola kwemikhiqizo kubhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi imikhiqizo ethile, lapho ithintana nezinto eziphilayo noma insimbi, ingabangela ukusha nokugqwala kwezinto eziphilayo, noma ibangele izinguquko ezibhubhisayo zamakhemikhali kwezinye izinto. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokugqwala ukuxhumana nama-acids, ama-alkali noma usawoti.

(4)Ukushiswa nokuqhuma kwe-izinto zokupakisha ze-baklavaumkhiqizo. Ukuvutha ukusabela kwe-oxidation, ngokuvamile okubangelwa ukushisa nokukhanya. Ihlukaniswe yaba izigaba ezine: uketshezi oluvuthayo, izinto eziqinile ezivuthayo, izinto ezivuthayo ezizenzakalelayo nezinto ezishisayo uma kusha. Ukuqhuma kusho inqubo lapho umkhiqizo ushintsha khona manjalo usuka esimweni esiqinile noma esiwuketshezi uye esimweni segesi, ukhulula inani elikhulu lamandla ngendlela yamandla emishini futhi wenze umsindo omkhulu ngokwemvelo. Ngokwembangela, ingahlukaniswa ngokuqhuma komzimba nokuqhuma kwamakhemikhali.

 

Amaqembu e-Microbial ayinkimbinkimbi futhi ahlukahlukene, futhi angahlukaniswa cishe abe izigaba ezimbili: amaselula kanye nokungewona amaselula. Ama-microorganisms anesimo seseli abizwa ngokuthi ama-cell microorganisms. Amagciwane, isikhunta kanye nemvubelo okukhulunywe ngakho lapha wonke ama-microorganisms amaselula. Ngokwesakhiwo samangqamuzana abo, angahlukaniswa abe ama-microorganisms e-prokaryotic (njengamabhaktheriya) kanye nama-microorganisms e-eukaryotic (njengesikhunta kanye nemvubelo).

(1)Amagciwane Amagciwane angama-microorganisms asatshalaliswa kakhulu futhi amaningi emvelweni futhi ahlobene eduze nabantu. Ziyinto eyinhloko yocwaningo lwe-microbiology. I-morphology yamabhaktheriya ihlukene. Lapho izimo zemvelo zishintsha, i-morphology nayo iyashintsha. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zemvelo, amabhaktheriya ahlukahlukene avame ukugcina isimo esithile. Amagciwane anezimo ezintathu eziyisisekelo: i-spherical, i-rod-shaped and spiral-shaped, ebizwa ngokuthi i-cocci, i-bacilli kanye ne-spiral bacteria ngokulandelanayo.

(2)I-Mold Mold ayilona igama le-taxonomic, kodwa igama elivamile lesikhunta esithile esine-filamentous. Asakazwa kabanzi endalweni. Zivame ukubangela isikhunta kanye nesikhutha emikhiqizweni yezolimo kanye ne-sideline, izingubo, ukudla, izinto ezingavuthiwe, izinto zokupakisha, njll., futhi zihlobene kakhulu nempilo yabantu yansuku zonke futhi ukukhiqizwa kokupakisha. Okuhlobene.

(3)I-Yeast Yeast iyiqembu lama-microorganisms aneseli elilodwa eukaryotic anezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa. Angasetshenziselwa ukuvubela isinkwa futhi enze iwayini, futhi angakhiqiza utshwala, i-glycerin, i-mannitol, ama-acids ephilayo, amavithamini, njll. I-protein ye-yeast cells iphezulu ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-50 wesisindo esomile samaseli futhi iqukethe ama-amino acid abalulekile emzimbeni womuntu. Amanye ama-yeast angasetshenziselwa ukwenza i-dewax petroleum, ehlise indawo yokuqandisa ye-petroleum, futhi alungiselele i-nucleic acid nama-enzyme amalungiselelo.

Imvubelo ivame ukulimaza abantu. Imvubelo ye-Saprophytic ingonakalisa ukudla, izindwangu nezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa. Inani elincane lemvubelo ye-hypertonic lingonakalisa uju nojamu; amanye asephenduke amagciwane angcolisayo embonini yokuvubela. Badla utshwala futhi banciphise ukukhiqizwa; noma ukukhiqiza iphunga elibi, elithintaizinto zokupakisha ze-baklava imikhiqizo. izinga. Imvubelo ethile ingabangela izifo kubantu nasezitshalweni. Isibonelo, i-Candida albicans ingabangela izifo ezihlukahlukene zesikhumba, ulwelwesi lwamafinyila, umgudu wokuphefumula, umgudu wokugaya ukudla, kanye nohlelo lomchamo. I-Cryptococcus neoformans ingabangela i-meningitis engapheli, inyumoniya, njll. Imvubelo ikhula kakhulu endaweni ene-acidic enoshukela omningi, njengezithelo, imifino, umpe namaqabunga ezitshalo.

 

Ukupakishwa kwamabhamuza kuyindlela yokupakisha lapho izinto ezipakishiwe zivalwa phakathi kwebhamuza elenziwe ngephepha lepulasitiki elisobala kanye ne-substrate (eyenziwe ngekhadibhodi, ishidi lepulasitiki, ucwecwe lwe-aluminium noma izinto zabo eziyinhlanganisela).

Ukupakishwa kwesikhumba ukubeka izinto ezipakishiwe ku-substrate ephefumulayo eyenziwe ngekhadibhodi noma amashidi epulasitiki, ukumboza ngefilimu noma ishidi lepulasitiki elishisayo nelithambile, bese uphuma nge-substrate ukuze ubophe ngokuqinile ifilimu noma ishidi. Indlela yokupakisha ebamba izinto futhi izivale eduze kwe-substrate.

Zombili izindlela zokupakisha zisebenzisa i-substrate njengesisekelo, esibizwa nangokuthi ukupakisha kwe-substrate noma ukupakishwa kwekhadi. Isici sayo ukuthi iphakheji inokubukeka okusobala, okuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi babone ngokucacile ukubukeka kwento. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaphethini amahle kanye nemiyalelo yomkhiqizo kungaphrintwa ku-substrate ukuze kuboniswe futhi kusetshenziswe kalula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto ezipakishiwe zilungiswa phakathi kweshidi lefilimu kanye ne-substrate futhi azilimazi kalula ngesikhathi sokuthutha nokuthengisa. Le ndlela yokupakisha ayikwazi ukuvikela izinto kuphela futhi yandise isikhathi sokulondoloza, kodwa futhi idlala indima ekuthuthukiseni imikhiqizo esemthethweni kanye nokwandisa ukuthengisa. Emakethe, isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukupakisha izinto ezinobunjwa obuyinkimbinkimbi obuntekenteke ngenxa yengcindezi. Izinto ezinjengomuthi, ukudla, izimonyo, izinto zokubhala, amathuluzi e-hardware amancane nezingxenye zemishini, kanye namathoyizi, izipho, imihlobiso nezinye izinto zivame kakhulu ezimakethe ezizikhethele kanye nasezitolo ezidayisayo.

Ngokombono wokupakisha izinto zokwakha, izindlela ezimbili zokupakisha zingezohlobo olufanayo, kodwa izimiso nemisebenzi yazo kanye nenqubo yokupakisha inezici zayo.

1.Amaphuzu avamile phakathi kwe-blister ukupakisha nokupakisha isikhumba

D. Ngokuvamile, iphakheji isobala ukuze okuqukethwe kubonakale futhi kungalengiswa futhi kuboniswe.

2.ingapakisha izinto ezinobunjwa obuyinkimbinkimbi futhi ingapakisha izinto ngamaqembu noma ngezingxenye eziningi.

Ngaphandle kokupakisha, ubuciko

3.Ngomumo we-substrate nokuphrinta okuhle, umthelela wokuphromotha womkhiqizo ungathuthukiswa.

@Uma kuqhathaniswa nabanyeizinto zokupakisha ze-baklava izindlela, izindleko zokupakisha ziphakeme, ukusetshenziswa kwezisebenzi kuphezulu, futhi ukusebenza kahle kokupakisha kuphansi 2. Umehluko phakathi kokupakishwa kwamabhamuza nokupakishwa kwesikhumba

D ukuvikelwa komkhiqizo. Ukupakishwa kwamabhamuza kunezinto zokuvimbela futhi kungapakishwa nge-vacuum. Kodwa-ke, ukulinganisa umzimba akukwazi ukufeza ukusebenza kwamaphekhi angu-2. Ukupakishwa kwamabhamuza kulula ukusebenzisa i-automation noma ukukhiqizwa komugqa wokuhlanganisa, kodwa kudinga ukushintshwa kwesikhunta. Ilungele ukukhiqizwa kokupakisha okuncane kanye nevolumu enkulu. Ukupakisha okulingana nesikhumba kunzima ukufeza ukukhiqizwa okuzenzakalelayo noma umugqa wokuhlanganisa, futhi ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kuphansi. Kodwa-ke, akudingi ukushintshwa kwesikhunta futhi kufanelekile ukukhiqizwa kokupakisha okuhlukahlukene kanye nomthamo omkhulu.

3Izindleko zokupakisha. Izinto zokupakisha kanye nemishini yokupakisha yama-blister package zibiza kakhulu. Ezintweni ezinkulu nezisindayo ezinamaqoqo amancane, izindleko ziphakeme ngenxa yesidingo sokwenza isikhunta. Ukupakishwa kwesikhumba kuvame ukushibhile, kodwa kudinga abasebenzi abaningi futhi kubiza kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kokupakisha okuningi.

4 .umphumela wokupakisha. Ukupakishwa kwamabhamuza kuhle kakhulu futhi kungakhuphula inani lomkhiqizo. Ukubonakala kokupakisha okulingana nesikhumba kubi kakhulu ngenxa yezimbobo ezincane zokuhlanza ku-substrate.

Ngakho-ke, ukupakishwa kwe-blister kulungele amanani amakhulu, izinto ezincane, nezinto ezingadingi izakhiwo ezinhle zokuvimbela. Ukupakishwa kwesikhumba kulungele amaqoqo amancane ezinto ezinezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezilimala kalula ngesikhathi sokujikeleza futhi azidingi izakhiwo zokuvimbela.

 

Ukufakwa kwamabhamuza kwaqala ukusetshenziselwa ukupakishwa kwezemithi. Ukuze unqobe ukuphazamiseka kokuthatha imithi emabhodleleni engilazi, amabhodlela epulasitiki namanye amabhodlela, ukupakishwa kwamabhamuza kwavela ngeminyaka yawo-1950 futhi kwasetshenziswa kakhulu. Ngemuva kocwaningo olunzulu kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezinto zokupakisha ama-blister, izinqubo kanye nemishini, yenze inqubekelaphambili enkulu mayelana nekhwalithi yokupakisha, isivinini sokukhiqiza kanye nomnotho. Namuhla, ngaphezu kokupakishwa kwamaphilisi emithi, amaphilisi kanye nama-suppositories, ibuye isetshenziswe kabanzi ekufakweni kokudla, izidingo zansuku zonke nezinye izinto.

Ukupakishwa kwama-blister kungavikela izinto emswakama, othulini, ekungcoleni, ekwebiweni nasekulimaleni, kunwebe isikhathi sokugcinwa kwezimpahla, futhi kusobala ngemiyalo yokusetshenziswa ephrintiwe ku-substrate, inikeze abathengi lula. Umuthi upakishwa ku-substrate ye-aluminium foil ngokomthamo. Igama lomuthi, imiyalelo yokuthatha kanye nolunye ulwazi kuphrintiwe ngemuva kwephepha le-aluminium. Ibizwa nge-PTP (press through pack) ukupakisha phesheya futhi ibizwa ngokuthi i-press-through packaging e-China ngoba uma uyithatha, icindezelwa ngesandla. Ngebhamuza, umuthi ungakhishwa nge-aluminium foil ye-backing, noma ufakwe ngqo emlonyeni ukugwema ukungcoliswa. Ezinye izinto ezincane ezinjengamapeni, imimese, izimonyo, njll. zipakishwe ngamabhamuza asekelwa amakhadibhodi. Ukusekela kungenziwa uhlobo olulengayo futhi ilengiswe eshalofini, okusobala kakhulu futhi kudlala indima ekuhlobiseni nasekumemezeleni, okuzuzisa ukuthengisa.