abakhiqizi bamaphakheji be-baklava Ubuchwepheshe bokugcwalisa okuqinile kanye nemishini

 

Inqubo yokugcwalisa okuqinile isho inqubo yokusebenza yokulayisha izinto eziqinile ezitsheni zokupakisha. Ububanzi bezinto eziqinile bubanzi kakhulu, nezinhlobo eziningi, futhi izimo zabo kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba kanye namakhemikhali nazo zihluke kakhulu, okuholela ezindleleni ezihlukahlukene zokugcwalisa. Izici eziyinhloko ezinquma indlela yokugcwalisa yisimo, i-viscosity kanye nokuzinza kokuqina kwezinto eziqinile. linda.

Izinto eziqinile zingahlukaniswa zibe izinto eziyimpuphu, izinto ze-granular kanye nezigaxa ngokusho kwesimo sazo somzimba. Ngokusho kwe-viscosity yayo, ingahlukaniswa ngezinto ezingezona ezibonakalayo, izinto ze-semi-viscous kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo.Izici zayo zimi kanje:

1.QIzinto ezinganamatheli.Ine-fluidity enhle futhi ayinamathele komunye nomunye ekamelweni lokushisa. Uma ithululelwa endaweni eyisicaba, inganqwabelana ngokwemvelo ibe yisimo sekhoni. Ingasakazwa ngokulinganayo ngemva kokudlidliza okufanele. Lolu hlobo lwezinto kulula ukuligcwalisa, njengokusanhlamvu, ikhofi, usawoti omningi, ushukela, itiye, nezithelo eziqinile. , isihlabathi, njll.

2. Izinto ze-semi-viscous.Inezinga elithile lokunamathela kanye nokungabi namanzi. Kulula ukubhuloho noma ukukhothama lapho ugcwalisa, okwenza kube nzima ukuthutha nokubala. Ukudlidliza kungathuthukisa uketshezi. Okufana nofulawa, impushana yobisi, ushukela, impushana yokuwasha, impushana yokwelapha, impushana yombala kanye nezinto eziyimbudumbudu eziqukethe inani elithile lomswakama.

3. izinto ezinamathelayo.Inokunamathela okuphezulu, inamathela kalula emaqenjini, inoketshezi oluncane, futhi inamathela kalula emishinini yokugcwalisa, okwenza ukugcwalisa kube nzima kakhulu. Okufana nempushana kashukela onsundu, izithelo zikaswidi nezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa ngamakhemikhali.

Inqubo yokugcwalisa yezinto eziqinile isekelwe ezindleleni ezihlukene zokulinganisa, okuhlanganisa indlela yokugcwalisa i-volumetric, indlela yokugcwalisa isisindo kanye nendlela yokugcwalisa yokubala. Izinto zokuvimba eziqinile ezimise okwejwayelekile noma izinto ezinkulu eziyimbudumbudu ngokuvamile zisebenzisa indlela yokugcwalisa yokubala; amabhlogo amise ngendlela engavamile noma impushana exegayo

 

Kunezindlela eziningi zenqubo yokugcwalisa nokugcwalisa ngokusho kwezidingo ezahlukene zokusebenza, ngokuvamile ezidinga ukugcwaliswa okunembile futhi akukho monakalo kokuqukethwe kanye neziqukathi zokupakisha. Ukudla nemithi kufanele kugcinwe kuhlanzekile futhi kuhlanzekile, futhi izimpahla eziyingozi kufanele zigcinwe ziphephile. Lapho ukhetha indlela yenqubo, izici ezifana nesimo somzimba, imvelo, kanye nenani lento, uhlobo lweabakhiqizi bamaphakheji be-baklavaisiqukathi, izinto zokupakisha, izindlela zokulinganisa, ukunemba kwenqubo, izindleko zokupakisha, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokugcwele. Okulandelayo kuzokwethula ukugcwaliswa ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zokusebenza ezihlukene. kanye nezinqubo zokugcwalisa kanye nemishini yokuqedela lezi zinqubo.

 

Ukusebenza kokugcwalisa imikhiqizo ewuketshezi kuabakhiqizi bamaphakheji be-baklavaizitsha zokupakisha ezifana namabhodlela, amathini, imiphongolo, njll. kubizwa ngokuthi ukugcwalisa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto eziqinile, izinto eziwuketshezi zinezici zokumanzisa kahle, ukuminyana okuzinzile, nokucindezelwa okuphansi. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziwuketshezi okufanele zigcwaliswe, ikakhulukazi ezihlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokudla, iziphuzo, izinongo, imikhiqizo yezimboni, izinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali, imithi, izibulala-zinambuzane, njll. Ngenxa yokuthi izakhiwo zazo ezingokwenyama namakhemikhali zihluke kakhulu, izidingo zokugcwalisa nazo zihlukile. ezahlukene. Isici esiyinhloko esithinta ukugcwaliswa yi-viscosity ye-liquid, ilandelwa

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukhona igesi encibilikisiwe oketshezini kanye nokwenzeka kokugeleza nokukhihliza amagwebu. Ngokuvamile, uketshezi lungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu ngokusho kwe-viscosity yabo. Isigaba sokuqala yizinto eziwuketshezi ezincanyana ezine-viscosity ephansi kanye ne-fluidity enhle, njengamanzi, iwayini, ubisi, isoso yesoya, izimbiza, njll. Ukuze ukwandise izinga lokugeleza kwayo, amandla angaphandle adinga ukusetshenziswa, njenge-ketchup, ukhilimu, njll.

Isigaba sesithathu yizinto ezinamathelayo ze-liquid ezine-viscosity ephezulu kanye ne-fluidity embi, edinga amandla angaphandle ukugeleza futhi ngezinye izikhathi kudinga izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokugcwalisa, njenge-jam, i-toothpaste, i-paste, njll.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto eziwuketshezi zihlukaniswa zibe iziphuzo ze-carbonated kanye neziphuzo ezisasele ngokuya ngokuthi ziyincibilikise igesi ye-carbon dioxide. Ubhiya, iwayini elicwebezelayo, i-champagne, i-soda, njll. iziphuzo ezine-carbonated, ezaziwa nangokuthi iziphuzo ze-carbonated. Zonke izinhlobo zamanzi amaminerali, amanzi ahlanzekile, iwayini elibomvu nelimhlophe, ama-condiments, njll. konke kuseyiziphuzo, kodwa ama-condiments azokhiqiza amabhamuza lapho egeleza, okuthinta isabelo.

Ukugcwalisa uketshezi kuyinqubo yokukhipha uketshezi ethangini lokugcina uketshezi, ukuludlulisa epayipini, bese ululayisha ethangini lokugcina uketshezi.abakhiqizi bamaphakheji be-baklava isitsha sokupakisha ngenani elithile lokugeleza noma izinga lokugeleza. Ukunyakaza koketshezi epayipini kuncike kumehluko wengcindezi phakathi kwesiphetho sokungena nokuphuma ngaphandle, okungukuthi, ukucindezela kokuphela kokungena kufanele kube phezulu kunokucindezela kokuphuma kokuphumayo. Ngokombono we-fluid mechanics, izimo ezimbili ezihlukene zizokwenzeka ngesikhathi sokugeleza koketshezi ngenxa yezimo eziyisisekelo ezihlukene.

 

Ukusebenza kokugcwalisa imikhiqizo ewuketshezi ezitsheni zokupakisha kubizwa ngokuthi ukugcwalisa, futhi imishini eqaphela ukugcwalisa ibizwa ngokuhlanganyela ngokuthi umshini wokugcwalisa. Ukusebenza kokulayisha imikhiqizo eqinile ezitsheni zokupakisha kubizwa ngokuthi ukugcwalisa, futhi okokusebenza okuqaphela izinto zokugcwalisa kubizwa ndawonye ngokuthi umshini wokugcwalisa. Ziyizindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu zokugcwalisa kubuchwepheshe bokupakisha. Inqubo yokugcwalisa nokugcwalisa iyinqubo ephakathi ohlelweni lokupakisha. Ngaphambi kokugcwalisa nokugcwalisa, kukhona ukulungiswa nokunikezwa kwempushana, okuhlanganisa ukulungiswa kweziqukathi, ukuhlanza, ukukhipha amagciwane, ukomisa, nokuhlelwa, okulandelwa ukubekwa uphawu, ukufakwa uphawu, ukulebula, Ukuphrinta, ukufakwa kwepallet nezinye izinqubo ezisizayo.

Izinto zokugcwalisa ziwuketshezi, futhi izici zayo eziyinhloko ezithonya i-viscosity nokuqukethwe kwegesi, kanye nokukhipha amagwebu ngesikhathi sokugeleza. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziqinile zokugcwalisa, ezingahlukaniswa zibe ama-granules, izimpushana, izigaxa noma izimo ezixubile ngokuya ngesimo sazo somzimba. Ezinye zine-fluidity enhle, kanti ezinye zinezinga elithile le-viscosity phezulu. Ngokweziqukathi ezihlukene zokupakisha, ingahlukaniswa ngezikhwama, ukufaka amabhodlela, ukufaka amathini, isibhakela, i-cartoning, njll.

Izinto zokugcwalisa nokugcwalisa ziyahlukahluka ngohlobo, ifomu, uketshezi kanye nenani, ngakho-ke izindlela zokulinganisa nazo zihlukile. Ngokwendlela yokulinganisa, kukhona umthamo (umthamo), isisindo (isisindo/isisindo) nokubala (ubuningi), njll.

Indlela yokugcwalisa i-volumetric ukugcwalisa izinto zokwakha ezitsheni zokupakisha ngokuya ngomthamo onqunywe kusengaphambili. Ikakhulukazi ihlukaniswe ngohlobo lwenkomishi yokulinganisa kanye nohlobo lwe-screw, imishini yokugcwalisa i-volumetric inesakhiwo esilula, isivinini esisheshayo, ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza okuphezulu kanye nezindleko eziphansi, kodwa ukunemba kokulinganisa kuphansi. Ifanele ukugcwalisa i-powdery kanye nezinto ezincane ze-granular ezinokuqina okubonakalayo okuzinzile, noma izinto ezinomthamo obaluleke kakhulu kunekhwalithi.

 

1. Gcwalisa inkomishi yokulinganisa

Ukugcwaliswa kwenkomishi yokulinganisa ukusebenzisa inkomishi yokulinganisa yobuningi ukukala izinto futhi uzigcwalise ezitsheni zokupakisha. Lapho ugcwalisa, impahla iwela ngokukhululekile enkomishini yokulinganisa ngesisindo sayo. I-scraper ikhuhla izinto ezisele enkomishini yokulinganisa, bese into esenkomishini yokulinganisa igcwaliswa esitsheni sokupakisha ngaphansi kwesisindo saso. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezakhiwo zenkomishi yokulinganisa: uhlobo lwesigubhu, uhlobo lwe-turntable, kanye nohlobo lwe-intubation. Kufanelekile ukugcwalisa i-powdery, i-granular kanye nezinto ezihlukanisiwe ezinezakhiwo ezinhle zokugeleza. Okwezinto zokwakha ezinokuqina okubonakalayo okuzinzile, izinkomishi zokulinganisa ezingashintshi zingasetshenziswa, futhi ezintweni ezinobunzima obubonakalayo obungazinzile, izinkomishi zokulinganisa ezilungisekayo zingasetshenziswa. Le ndlela yokugcwalisa inokunemba okuphansi kokugcwalisa futhi ivame ukusetshenziselwa amanani aphansi

umkhiqizo, kodwa ungagcwaliswa ngesivinini esikhulu ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.

(1)Ukugcwaliswa kwevolumu okungaguquki kohlobo lwesigubhu kubizwa nangokuthi i-quantitative pump uhlobo lokugcwalisa ivolumu njalo. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 5-13, kunemigodi emincane yamamitha emaphethelweni angaphandle wesigubhu. Isigubhu sizungeza ngesivinini esithile. Uma iphendulelwa endaweni ephezulu, igumbi le-metering I-cavity ixhunywe ne-hopper, futhi impahla igeleza emgodini wemitha ngesisindo sayo. Uma iphendulwa endaweni ephansi, imbobo yemitha ixhunywa nembobo engenalutho, futhi okubalulekile kugelezela esitsheni sokupakisha ngesisindo saso. Igumbi lokulinganisa linezinhlobo ezimbili: uhlobo lwevolumu engaguquki kanye nohlobo lwevolumu eguquguqukayo, olufanele ukugcwalisa izinto eziyimpuphu ezinobuningi obubonakalayo obuzinzile. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kunechweba elilodwa kuphela elingenalutho, isivinini sokugcwalisa sihamba kancane futhi ukusebenza kahle kuphansi.

Uhlobo lokugoqa luhlobene nezici zomkhiqizo, izinto zokupakisha, izindlela zokuvala uphawu, njll. Ngokusho kwemodi yokusebenza yokugoqa, ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu: ukusebenza ngesandla, ukusebenza kwemishini ye-semi-automatic kanye nokusebenza okuzenzakalelayo ngokugcwele; ngokusho kokuma kokugoqa, ingahlukaniswa ngokugoqa nokugoqa.

2. Inqubo yokugoqa yokugoqa

Ukugoqa ukugoqa kuyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu. Inqubo eyisisekelo yile: ukusika ubude obuthile be abakhiqizi bamaphakheji be-baklavaimpahla ephuma ku-roll, noma ukhiphe ingxenye yezinto zokupakisha ezisikwe ngaphambili endaweni yokubeka, bese usonga impahla ezintweni ezipakishiwe, bese uyipakisha ibe isilinda ngokugqagqana. ukuma, bese ugoqa zombili iziphetho bese uvala ngokuqinile. Ngokwemvelo kanye nokuma komkhiqizo, ukuhlobisa kwendawo kanye nezidingo zemishini, indawo yomthungo kanye nefomu kanye nesiqondiso sokugoqa okuvulekile kungashintshwa.

Kunezindlela eziningi zokugoqa zokugoqa, ezihlukaniswa ngokwendawo yomthungo kanye nefomu lokugoqa kanye nesiqondiso sokuphela okuvulekile. Zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili zokugoqa ekhoneni, uhlobo lokugoqa lwekhoneni eseceleni, uhlobo lokugoqa olunezinhlangothi ezimbili, kanye nohlobo lwe-multi-pleat olunamaphethelo amabili. , uhlobo lwe-bevel, njll.

(1)Uhlobo lwekhona kuzo zombili iziphetho. Le ndlela ifanele ukugoqa imikhiqizo enezimo ezivamile neziyisikwele. Uma upakisha, qala ngokuwugoqa ube yi-cylindrical seam, ngokuvamile ngaphansi, bese ugoqa izinhlangothi ezimfushane emikhawulweni yomibili ukuze wenze amakhona angunxantathu noma we-trapezoidal, bese ekugcineni ugoqa futhi uvale lawa makhona ngokushintshana.

setha

Inqubo yokugoqa yamakhona okugoqa kuzo zombili iziphetho ilula futhi ukusebenza komshini kulula ukukusebenzisa, kodwa ama-seams ngokuvamile angemuva, ngakho-ke ukuqina nokuvala kokusonga akubi kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-seams angemuva athinta ubuqotho bephethini ye-upholstery. Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 3-15, ngesikhathi sokusebenza ngesandla, ama-seams angagoqwa futhi ahlanganiswe ukuze ukugoqa kuqinile futhi ubuso bephakheji bushelelezi. Ngesikhathi semishiniabakhiqizi bamaphakheji be-baklavaimisebenzi, ngenxa yezimiso zokusebenza ezahlukene, ukulandelana kwamakhona kanye nesiqondiso sokunyakaza komkhiqizo kuhlukile. Njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni

3-16 yizikhombisi-ndlela zokulandelana ezigoqayo zokuya phezulu naphansi nokuvundlile.

Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane kangcono nezidingo zokupakishwa, ukugcinwa, ezokuthutha nezokuthengisa kwemikhiqizo, izimfuneko eziyisisekelo zenqubo yokusonga yilezi: D. Sebenzisa izinto zokupakisha ezintsha kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze wandise isikhathi sokugcinwa kwempahla.

(2)Ngenkathi uqinisekisa imisebenzi eyisisekelo, zama ukusebenzisa izingxenye zokupakisha ezilula nezingabizi kakhulu futhi uqaphele ukukhiqizwa okuzenzakalelayo.

(3)Guqula futhi uqaphele ukuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye zeyunithi yokuthengisa ehlukahlukene ekukhangiseni kwempahla, futhi uzuze ukuhlelwa nokulinganisa kwenani, ikhwalithi nosayizi.

(4)Yenza ukupakishwa komkhiqizo kuhlangabezane nezidingo zokuthengiswa kwesuphamakethe, vumela abathengi ukuthi babone ngokucacile izici zomkhiqizo, benze kube lula ukupakishwa kwemikhiqizo emashalofini, futhi banikeze ukuvikeleka okusebenzayo kwemikhiqizo.

(5)Thuthukisa idizayini yokupakishwa komkhiqizo futhi uthathe izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokulwa nomgunyathi, ukulwa nobugebengu nezinye izindlela zokuphepha.

 

Ukusonga kohlobo lwe-twist ukugoqa ubude obuthile bempahla yokupakisha ibe yisimo esiyisilinda, bese usonta ingxenye yesiphetho evulekile ibe yi-twist ngokuya ngendlela eshiwo. Imithungo eyeqayo ayidingi ukuboshwa noma ivalwe ngokushisa. Ukuze uvimbele ukuphinda kuxege nokusonteka, izinto zokupakisha ziyadingeka ukuze zibe namandla athile okudabula kanye nepulasitiki. Lolu hlobo lokugoqa lulula futhi kulula ukuluvula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, azikho izidingo ezikhethekile zokuma kwezinto zokupakisha. I-Spherical, cylindrical, square, ellipsoid nezinye izimo zamukelekile. Ingasetshenziswa ngesandla noma ngokushintshwa kwemishini, kodwa ukusebenza ngezandla kudinga abasebenzi futhi kunzima ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuhlanzeka kokudla. Njengamanje, ukudla okuningi okugoqekile okunjengamaswidi no-ayisikhilimu sekwenziwe imishini.

Izinto zokupakisha ezisontekile zingaba ungqimba olulodwa noma izinhlaka eziningi. Uma kusetshenziswa uhlaka oluhlanganisiwe lwezingqimba eziningi, izinto zokupakisha ezisetshenziswa ezingqimbeni zangaphakathi nezingaphandle ngokuvamile zihlukile. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-twist wrapping, okuhlanganisa i-twist eyodwa, i-twist ephindwe kabili kanye nokugoqa. Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa indlela ye-twist enezinhlangothi ezimbili. Uma usebenza ngesandla, izikhombisi-ndlela zokusonta kuzo zombili iziphetho ziphambene; uma usebenzisa imisebenzi yemishini, izikhombisi-ndlela ngokuvamile ziyafana. Ama-twist anomkhawulo owodwa awasetshenziswa kakhulu futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu kumaswidi aphezulu, ama-lollipops, izithelo neziphuzo ezidakayo, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3-27. Uhlobo lwe-twist oluneziphetho ezimbili luboniswa kuMfanekiso 3-28, futhi luvame ukusetshenziswa emaphaketheni amaswidi ajwayelekile.