Imiba yemichiza echaphazelayoizinto zokupakisha ze-baklavaiinkqubo

Ukuqonda ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali, iikhemikhali kunye notshintsho lweekhemikhali zezinto ezipakishweyo, ukuqonda kunye nokufunda iipropathi kunye neendlela zokuwohloka kwezinto ngexesha lokujikeleza, kunye nokukhetha amanyathelo afanelekileyo okhuseleko lweekhemikhali kuya kunceda ukuyila ngokuchanekileyo ukupakishwa kunye nokulungiselela.izinto zokupakisha ze-baklavaiinkqubo zenkqubo.

1. Ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali zemveliso

Ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali zeemveliso ezipakishweyo zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamacandelo amathathu: i-inorganic components, i-organic components kunye ne-mixed components of the two. Ukutshintsha komgangatho weemveliso ezipakishweyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokujikeleza ikakhulu ziziphumo zeziphumo ezidityanisiweyo zotshintsho lweekhemikhali, utshintsho lomzimba kunye nemisebenzi yomzimba yemveliso ngokwayo, emiselwa ngamacandelo emveliso epakishweyo ngokwawo kunye neemeko kwindawo yokujikeleza. .

(1)Ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali zokutya Ukutya kwahlulwe ngamacandelo amabini: ukutya kwendalo kunye nokutya okucutshungulwayo. Ukutya kwendalo kukutya okutsha nokutsha okungalungiswanga. Ukutya okucutshungulweyo yimveliso efunyenwe ngokucubungula ukutya kwendalo njengezinto eziluhlaza, ezifana neenkozo ezigqityiweyo, i-candy, i-pastries, igcina, iitoti, iziphuzo, i-cigarettes, iwayini, iti, i-condiments, ukutya okulula, iimveliso zobisi, i-pickle, njl. izithako carbohydrates, iiproteni, amafutha, cellulose, iivithamini, iiminerali, njl Ukutya okutsha kunye okutsha, okufana neziqhamo, imifuno, intlanzi entsha kunye ne-shrimp, njl., ukongeza. ukuqulatha ezi zithako zingentla, nazo ziphantsi kwemisebenzi yemetabolism kwaye ziqhubeke

Iyaqhubeka nokwenza i-biological oxidation phantsi kwe-catalysis ye-enzymes, oko kukuthi, iphinda iqhube imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yomzimba.

(2)Ukwakhiwa kwemichiza yamachiza Iimveliso zamachiza ngamachiza ngenjongo yamayeza kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo, kubandakanywa iinaliti, ulwelo, umgubo, iipilisi, iipilisi, amafutha kunye nokuthambisa. Uninzi lwezi arhente ziyimixube yezithako ezininzi okanye imathiriyeli. Ezinye zazo zenziwe ngezinto ezininzi ze-inorganic okanye izithako ze-organic ezixutywe ngokwahlukeneyo, njenge-ginseng royal jelly, iipilisi ze-Yinqiao Jiedu, njl., zonke zixutywe kunye nezithako ezininzi ezahlukeneyo.

(3)Ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali zezithambiso Izithambiso ziimveliso zemichiza yemihla ngemihla ezisetyenziselwa ukukhusela kunye nokuhombisa ulusu lomntu. Ikakhulu ziquka i-ointments, umgubo, i-agent zamanzi, i-oyile, njl njl. Izithambiso zinevumba elimnandi, umbala, isicoci, isondlo, iyeza, njl njl. Izithako, umndilili.

Ingumxube wezithako zeekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo okanye izinto zendalo. Ukuthe tye

(4)Ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali zeemveliso ze-electromechanical Uninzi lweemveliso ze-electromechanical zenziwe ngentsimbi yentsimbi, i-carbon steel, ubhedu, i-aluminium kunye nezinye izinto zetsimbi, kwaye ezininzi zazo ziyintsimbi kunye ne-carbon steel. Iinxalenye zabo eziphambili yintsimbi, ikhabhoni kunye neekhompawundi zazo. Intsimbi yintsimbi esebenzayo ngokwentelekiso kwaye inokwenza lula iibhetri ezincinci ezinekhabhoni kunye neentsimbi ezingasebenziyo ezingacocekanga. Ngoko ke, intsimbi yinto enokugqwala ngokulula. Ukongezelela, emva kokuba iindawo ezithile zomatshini kunye neemveliso zombane zitshiswe, zifakwe kwi-welded, ziphathwe ukushisa okanye zijikiwe, zicinezelwe okanye zigobe, ziya kubangela utshintsho lwengcinezelo ngaphakathi kwesinyithi. Ezi zinto zisebenza ngoomatshini ziya kukhuthaza ukubola kwesinyithi, okubizwa ngokuba yi "stress corrosion".

(5)Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zeekhemikhali eziyingozi Iingozi zekhemikhali zibhekiselele kwizinto ezinokutsha, eziqhumayo, eziyityhefu kakhulu, ezinokonakalisa kakhulu kunye neradioactive. Ngokweempawu zabo zemichiza, zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezilishumi: izinto eziqhushumbayo, ii-oxidants, iigesi ezicinezelweyo kunye neegesi ezinyibilikisiweyo, izinto zokutsha ezizenzekelayo, izinto ezitsha xa zisemanzini, ulwelo olunokutsha, izinto eziqinileyo ezinokutsha, izinto ezinetyhefu, izinto ezidlekayo kunye neradioactive. izinto. Ezinye zezi zinto ziikhompawundi eziphilayo ezenziwe ngekhabhoni, ihydrogen, kunye neoksijini, ezinye zizinyithi ezisebenzayo okanye iintsimbi ezisebenza ngemitha, kwaye ezinye ziyityhefu okanye izinto eziphilayo. Iimpawu zabo zeekhemikhali ziyahluka ngokweentlobo zazo.

 

Iimpawu zeekhemikhali zeemveliso ezipakishweyo zibhekiselele kwiipropati apho ifom, ukwakheka kunye namacandelo emveliso yenzeka utshintsho oluyimfuneko phantsi kweemeko zokukhanya, ubushushu, i-oksijini, i-asidi, i-alkali, ityuwa, ubushushu kunye nokufuma, ngokukodwa kubandakanya ukuzinza kweekhemikhali, ukubola. , ubutyhefu, ukutsha kunye nokugqabhuka, njl.

(1)Uzinzo lweMichiza yemveliso Uzinzo lwekhemikhali lubhekiselele ekusebenzeni kwemveliso engenakuthambekela ukubola, i-oxidation okanye olunye utshintsho phakathi koluhlu oluthile phantsi kweempembelelo zangaphandle. Ukuzinza kweekhemikhali kunqunywe ngamacandelo kunye nesakhiwo semveliso, kunye neemeko zangaphandle kunye nezinye izinto. Umzekelo, i-phosphorus ebomvu iyatsha xa ishushu kwi-160C, ngelixa i-phosphorus etyheli ifakwa ioksijini ngokulula kwaye inokutshisa kwi-40C. Amacandelo asisiseko sekhabhoni yensimbi kunye nensimbi engenasici yintsimbi kunye nekhabhoni, kodwa i-corrosion yabo kunye ne-magnetism yahluke kakhulu.

(2)Ubuthi beemveliso Ubuthi bubhekisa kwipropathi yeemveliso ezithile zokupakisha ezinokusebenzisana neekhemikhali kunye nezicubu ezithile zezinto eziphilayo kwaye zitshabalalise imisebenzi eqhelekileyo ye-physiological of the organism. Iimveliso ezinetyhefu ikakhulu ziquka amayeza, izitshabalalisi kunye neemveliso zekhemikhali, ezahlulwe zaba ziimveliso ezinetyhefu kakhulu kunye netyhefu. Ulwazi lwetyhefu olufanelekileyo lunokufumaneka kulwazi olufanelekileyo.

(3)Ukonakala kweemveliso Ukonakala kweemveliso kubhekiselele kwinto yokuba iimveliso ezithile, xa zithe zadibana nezinto eziphilayo okanye isinyithi, zinokubangela ukutshisa okunomhlwa kunye nomhlwa kwizinto eziphilayo, okanye zibangele utshintsho olutshabalalisayo kwiikhemikhali kwezinye izinto. Eyona nto ibangela ukubola kukudibana ne-acids, alkalis okanye iityuwa.

(4)Ukutsha kunye nokudubula kweizinto zokupakisha ze-baklavaimveliso. Ukutsha yi-oxidation reaction, edla ngokubangelwa bubushushu kunye nokukhanya. Ukwahlulwe ngokweendidi ezine: ulwelo olunokutsha, izinto eziqinileyo ezinokutsha, izinto ezinokutsha ezizenzekelayo kunye nezinto ezitsha xa kunokutsha. Ukugqabhuka kubhekiselele kwinkqubo apho imveliso iguquka ngephanyazo ukusuka kwimeko eqinileyo okanye engamanzi ukuya kwimo yegesi, ikhupha isixa esikhulu samandla ngendlela yamandla omatshini kwaye yenze isandi esikhulu kwindalo. Ngokutsho kwesizathu, inokwahlulwa ibe kukuqhuma komzimba kunye nokuqhuma kweekhemikhali.

 

Amaqela eMicrobial antsonkothile kwaye ahlukeneyo, kwaye anokwahlulwa ngokwezigaba zibe zimbini: iselula kunye ne-non-cellular. Iintsholongwane ezinemilo yeseli zibizwa ngokuba zii-microorganisms zeselula. Iibhaktheriya, ukungunda kunye negwele elikhankanywe apha zonke zii-microorganisms zeselula. Ngokwesakhiwo seeseli zabo, zinokwahlulwa zibe ziiprokaryotic microorganisms (ezifana neebhaktheriya) kunye ne-eukaryotic microorganisms (ezifana nokubumba kunye negwele).

(1)Iibhaktheriya zezona zisasazwe kakhulu kwaye zininzi iintsholongwane kwindalo kwaye zihlobene ngokusondeleyo nabantu. Ziyeyona nto iphambili yophando ye-microbiology. I-morphology yebhaktheriya yahlukile. Xa iimeko zokusingqongileyo zitshintsha, i-morphology nayo iyatshintsha. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokusingqongileyo, iibhaktheriya ezahlukeneyo zihlala zigcina imilo ethile. Iibhaktheriya zineemilo ezintathu ezisisiseko: ezingqukuva, ezimile okwentonga kunye ne-spiral, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-cocci, i-bacilli kunye ne-spiral bacteria ngokulandelelanayo.

(2)I-Mold Mold ayilogama le-taxonomic, kodwa ligama eliqhelekileyo le-filamentous fungi. Zisasazwa ngokubanzi kwindalo. Bahlala bebangela ukungunda kunye nokubola kwimveliso yezolimo kunye ne-sideline, impahla, ukutya, izinto eziluhlaza, izinto zokupakisha, njl., kwaye zihlobene ngokusondeleyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla yabantu kwaye imveliso yokupakisha. Ezinxulumeneyo.

(3)IYeast Yeast liqela leemicroorganisms ezineseli enye eukaryotic ezinoluhlu olubanzi lokusetyenziswa. Zingasetyenziselwa ukubilisa isonka kunye nokwenza iwayini, kwaye zinokuvelisa utywala, i-glycerin, i-mannitol, i-organic acids, iivithamini, njl njl. Umthamo weprotheyini yeeseli zegwele uphezulu ngaphezu kwe-50% yobunzima obomileyo beeseli kunye iqulethe i-amino acids ezibalulekileyo kumzimba womntu. Amanye amagwele angasetyenziselwa ukwenza i-petroleum yedewax, ukuthoba indawo yokukhenkcisa yepetroleum, nokulungisa i-nucleic acid kunye namalungiselelo e-enzyme.

Igwele lidla ngokubangela ingozi ebantwini. Igwele leSaprophytic lingonakalisa ukutya, iingubo kunye nezinye izinto eziluhlaza. Inani elincinci le-hypertonic yeasts lingonakalisa ubusi kunye nejam; ezinye ziye zaba ziintsholongwane ezingcolisayo kwishishini lokubila. Basebenzisa utywala kwaye banciphise imveliso; okanye ukuvelisa amavumba amabi, echaphazelaizinto zokupakisha ze-baklava iimveliso. umgangatho. Igwele elithile linokubangela izifo ebantwini nakwizityalo. Umzekelo, iCandida albicans inokubangela izifo ezahlukeneyo zolusu, imifinya, umjelo wokuphefumla, umgudu wokugaya ukutya, kunye nenkqubo yomchamo. I-Cryptococcus neoformans inokubangela i-meningitis engapheliyo, inyumoniya, njl.

 

Ukupakishwa kwe-blister yindlela yokupakisha apho izinto ezipakishweyo zitywinwe phakathi kwe-blister eyenziwe kwiphepha leplastiki elicacileyo kunye ne-substrate (eyenziwe ngekhadibhodi, i-plastic sheet, i-aluminium foil okanye izinto zabo ezidibeneyo).

Ukupakishwa kwesikhumba kukubeka izinto ezipakishweyo kwi-substrate ephefumulayo eyenziwe ngekhadibhodi okanye i-plastic sheets, ukuyigubungela ngefilimu eshushu kunye nethambileyo yeplastiki okanye ishidi, uze uphume nge-substrate ukuze ubophe ngokuqinileyo ifilimu okanye ishidi. Indlela yokupakisha egcina izinto kwaye itywine malunga ne-substrate.

Zombini iindlela zokupakisha zisebenzisa i-substrate njengesiseko, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-substrate packaging okanye ukupakishwa kwekhadi. Uphawu lwayo kukuba ukupakishwa kunembonakalo ecacileyo, evumela abasebenzisi ukuba babone ngokucacileyo ukubonakala kwento. Kwangaxeshanye, iipateni ezigqwesileyo kunye nemiyalelo yemveliso inokuprintwa kwi-substrate ukuze kube lula ukubonisa kunye nokusetyenziswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto ezipakishweyo zilungisiwe phakathi kwephepha lefilimu kunye ne-substrate kwaye angonakaliswa lula ngexesha lokuthutha kunye nokuthengisa. Le ndlela yokupakisha ayikwazi ukukhusela kuphela izinto kunye nokwandisa ixesha lokugcina, kodwa iphinde idlale indima ekukhuthazeni iimveliso ezisemthethweni kunye nokwandisa ukuthengisa. Kwimarike, isetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukupakisha izinto ezinemilo enzima ebuthathaka ngenxa yoxinzelelo. Izinto ezifana neyeza, ukutya, izithambiso, izinto zokubhala, izixhobo ze-hardware ezincinci kunye namalungu omatshini, kunye namathoyizi, izipho, imihombiso kunye nezinye izinto zixhaphake kakhulu kwiimarike ezikhethiweyo kunye neevenkile ezithengisayo.

Ukusuka kwimbono yokupakisha izixhobo, iindlela zokupakisha ezimbini zezohlobo olufanayo, kodwa imigaqo kunye nemisebenzi yabo kunye nenkqubo yokupakisha ineempawu zabo.

1.Amanqaku aqhelekileyo phakathi kwe-blister ukupakishwa kunye nokupakishwa kwesikhumba

D. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukupakishwa kucacile ukuze umxholo ubonakale kwaye unokuxhonywa kwaye uboniswe.

2.inokupakisha izinto ezinemilo entsonkothileyo kwaye inokupakisha izinto ngokwamaqela okanye ngamacandelo amaninzi.

Ngaphandle kokupakishwa, ubugcisa

3.Ngokusebenzisa imilo ye-substrate kunye nokuprintwa okugqwesileyo, umphumo wokukhangisa wemveliso unokwandiswa.

@Xa kuthelekiswa nezinyeizinto zokupakisha ze-baklava iindlela, iindleko zokupakisha ziphezulu, ukusetyenziswa kwabasebenzi kuphezulu, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokupakisha kuphantsi 2. Umahluko phakathi kokupakishwa kwe-blister kunye nokupakishwa kwesikhumba

D ukhuseleko lwemveliso. Ukupakishwa kweBlister kuneempawu zokuthintela kwaye kunokupakishwa ngevacuum. Nangona kunjalo, ukulinganisa umzimba akukwazi ukufikelela kwi-2-pack operation. Ukupakishwa kwe-blister kulula ukuphumeza i-automation okanye imveliso yomgca wendibano, kodwa ifuna ukutshintshwa kwesikhunta. Ifanelekile kwimveliso yokupakisha encinci kunye nomthamo omkhulu. Ukupakishwa kokufakwa kwesikhumba kunzima ukufezekisa i-automation okanye imveliso yomgca wendibano, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kuphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ayifuni ukutshintshwa kwesikhunta kwaye ifanelekile kwiintlobo ezininzi kunye nemveliso yokupakisha yomthamo omkhulu.

3Iindleko zokupakisha. Izinto zokupakisha kunye nezixhobo zokupakisha ze-blister packaging zibiza kakhulu. Kwizinto ezinkulu kunye ezinzima kunye neebhetshi ezincinci, ixabiso liphezulu ngenxa yesidingo sokwenza i-molds. Ukupakishwa kolusu kudla ngokungabizi kakhulu, kodwa kufuna abasebenzi abaninzi kwaye kubiza kakhulu kwimveliso yokupakisha eninzi.

4 .isiphumo sokupakisha. Ukupakishwa kwe-blister kuhle kakhulu kwaye kunokunyusa ixabiso lemveliso. Ukubonakala kokupakishwa kwesikhumba kubi kakhulu ngenxa yemingxuma encinci yokucoca kwi-substrate.

Ngoko ke, ukupakishwa kwe-blister kukulungele ubuninzi obukhulu, izinto ezincinci, kunye nezinto ezingadingi iimpawu ezintle zomqobo. Ukupakishwa kwesikhumba kufanelekileyo kwiibhetshi ezincinci zezinto ezinobumo obuyinkimbinkimbi ezonakalisa ngokulula ngexesha lokujikeleza kwaye azifuni iipropati zomqobo.

 

Ukupakishwa kwamadyungudyungu kuqala kwasetyenziselwa ukupakisha amayeza. Ukoyisa inkxamleko yokuthatha amayeza kwiibhotile zeglasi, iibhotile zeplastiki kunye nezinye iibhotile, ukupakishwa kwamadyungudyungu kwavela ngeminyaka yoo-1950 kwaye kwakusetyenziswa kakhulu. Emva kophando olunzulu kunye nokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kwezinto zokupakisha i-blister, iinkqubo kunye noomatshini, yenze inkqubela phambili enkulu ngokubhekiselele kumgangatho wokupakisha, isantya sokuvelisa kunye noqoqosho. Namhlanje, ngaphezu kokupakishwa kweepilisi zamachiza, ii-capsules kunye ne-suppositories, isetyenziselwa ngokubanzi ukupakishwa kokutya, iimfuno zemihla ngemihla kunye nezinye izinto.

Ukupakishwa kweBlister kunokukhusela izinto kumswakama, uthuli, ukungcoliseka, ubusela kunye nomonakalo, ukwandisa ixesha lokugcinwa kwempahla, kwaye icacile kunye nemiyalelo yokusetyenziswa eprintiweyo kwi-substrate, inika lula kubathengi. Iyeza lipakishwe kwi-aluminium foil substrate ngokwedosi. Igama leyeza, ukuthatha imiyalelo kunye nolunye ulwazi luprintwe ngasemva kwe-aluminium foil. Ibizwa ngokuba yi-PTP (cinezela ngepakethi) ukupakisha phesheya kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yi-press-through packaging e-China kuba xa uyithatha, icinezelwa ngesandla. Nge-blister, iyeza linokuthatyathwa ngefoyile ye-aluminium ye-backing, okanye ifakwe ngqo emlonyeni ukuphepha ukungcola. Ezinye izinto ezincinci ezifana neepeni zebhola, iimela, izinto zokuthambisa, njl.njl. zipakishwe kwi-blister epakishwe ngenkxaso yekhadibhodi. Ukuxhaswa kungenziwa kuhlobo lokuxhoma kwaye luxhonywe kwi-shelf, ecacileyo kakhulu kwaye idlala indima yobuhle kunye nopapasho, olunenzuzo ekuthengiseni.