Kemikari zvinhu zvinokanganisabaklava kurongedza zvekushandisamaitiro

Kuziva kuumbwa kwemakemikari, zvivakwa zvemakemikari uye shanduko yemakemikari yezvinhu zvakaputirwa, kunzwisisa uye kudzidza zvivakwa uye kuparara kwemaitiro ezvinhu panguva yekutenderera, uye kusarudza zvine musoro kudzivirira makemikari matanho ehunyanzvi achabatsira kugadzira nemazvo kurongedza uye kugadzirira.baklava kurongedza zvekushandisaprocess procedures.

1. Kuumbwa kwemakemikari echigadzirwa

Iko kemikari yezvigadzirwa zvakaputirwa inogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: inorganic components, organic components uye zvakasanganiswa zvikamu zvezviviri. Shanduko dzemhando yezvigadzirwa zvakaputirwa panguva yekutenderera zvinonyanya mhedzisiro yezvakasanganiswa mhedzisiro yekuchinja kwemakemikari, shanduko yemuviri uye zviitiko zvemuviri zvechigadzirwa chacho, izvo zvinotemerwa nezvikamu zvechigadzirwa chakaputirwa pachacho uye mamiriro ari munharaunda yekutenderera. .

(1)Kuumbwa kwemakemikari ezvokudya Zvokudya zvakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri: chikafu chechisikigo uye chikafu chakagadzirwa. Chikafu chechisikigo chisina kugadziriswa chikafu chitsva uye chitsva. Chikafu chakagadzirwa chigadzirwa chinowanikwa nekugadzira chikafu chechisikigo seyakagadzirwa, senge dzakapedzwa zviyo, candy, pastries, kuchengetedza, magaba, zvinwiwa, fodya, waini, tii, condiments, nyore chikafu, zvigadzirwa zvemukaka, pickles, nezvimwe. zvinosanganisa makabhohaidhiretsi, mapuroteni, mafuta, cellulose, mavhitaminzi, zvicherwa, etc. Zvitsva uye zvitsva zvekudya, zvakadai semichero, miriwo, hove itsva uye shrimp, nezvimwewo, kuwedzera. kune izvo zviri pamusoro apa zvinongedzo, vari kuita mabasa e metabolic uye enderera mberi

Inoenderera mberi nekuita biological oxidation pasi pe catalysis ye enzymes, kureva kuti, iri kuitawo zvakajairwa physiological zviitiko.

(2)Kemikari yemishonga yemishonga Mishonga yemishonga mishonga yechinangwa chemishonga uye hutano hwehutano, kusanganisira majekiseni, zvinwiwa, poda, mapiritsi, mapiritsi, mafuta uye zvipfeko. Mazhinji eaya maajenti musanganiswa wezvakawanda zvinongedzo kana zvinhu. Mamwe acho anoumbwa akati wandei inorganic ingredients kana organic ingredients yakasanganiswa yakaparadzana, senge ginseng royal jelly, Yinqiao Jiedu Mapiritsi, nezvimwewo, ayo ese akasanganiswa nezvakati wandei zvakasiyana.

(3)Kemikari yekuumbwa kwezvizoro Zvizoro zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ese zvemakemikari zvinoshandiswa kuchengetedza nekushongedza ganda remunhu. Zvinonyanya zvinosanganisira mafuta ekuzora, hupfu, mvura, mafuta ejenti, etc. Cosmetics ine anonhuwirira, ruvara, detergent, chikafu, mushonga, etc. Ingredients, avhareji.

Iko kusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakemikari kana zvinhu zvakasikwa. Horizontal

(4)Kemikari yezvigadzirwa zve electromechanical Zvizhinji zvezvigadzirwa zve electromechanical zvinogadzirwa nesimbi yakakandwa, kabhoni simbi, mhangura, aluminium uye zvimwe zvinhu zvesimbi, uye mazhinji acho akakandwa simbi uye kabhoni simbi. Zvikamu zvavo zvikuru isimbi, kabhoni nemakomponi avo. Simbi isimbi inodzoreredza uye inogona nyore kugadzira mabhatiri madiki ane kabhoni uye asingashande etsvina simbi. Naizvozvo, simbi chinhu chiri nyore kuita ngura. Uye zvakare, mushure mekunge zvimwe zvikamu zvemichina uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvapiswa, zvakasungwa, kupisa kupisa kana kumonwa, kudzvanywa kana kukotama, zvinokonzeresa shanduko yekuchinja mukati mesimbi. Aya ma mechanic factor anosimudzirawo kukora kwesimbi, iyo inonzi "stress corrosion".

(5)Mushonga weKemikari wemakemikari ane njodzi (Kemical hazards) zvinoreva zvinhu zvinobvira moto, zvinoputika, zvine muchetura zvakanyanya, zvinoparadza zvakanyanya uye zvinopisa mwaranzi. Zvinoenderana nemhando yavo yemakemikari, inogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu gumi: zvinhu zvinoputika, oxidants, gasi akamanikidzwa uye magasi ane liquefied, zvinhu zvinopisa zvinongoerekana zvaitika, zvinhu zvinopisa kana zvasangana nemvura, zvinwiwa zvinopfuta, zvinhu zvinopisa, zvinhu zvine chepfu, zvinhu zvinoparadza uye radioactive. zvinhu. Zvimwe zvezvinhu izvi organic komisheni inoumbwa nekabhoni, haidrojeni, uye okisijeni, mamwe masimbi anoshanda kana simbi dzinopisa, uye zvimwe zvine chepfu inorganic kana organic zvinhu. Zvinhu zvavo zvemakemikari zvinosiyana zvichienderana nemhando dzavo.

 

Iyo kemikari yezvigadzirwa zvepaketi inoreva zvimiro izvo chimiro, chimiro uye zvikamu zvechigadzirwa zvinochinja zvakakosha pasi pemamiriro echiedza, kupisa, okisijeni, asidhi, alkali, munyu, tembiricha uye humidity, kunyanya kusanganisira kugadzikana kwemakemikari, corrosiveness. , huturu, kupisa uye kuputika, nezvimwe.

(1)Kemikari kugadzikana kwechigadzirwa Kugadzikana kwemakemikari kunoreva kuita kwechigadzirwa icho chisingatani kuora, oxidation kana imwe shanduko mukati mehumwe huwandu pasi pesimba rekunze zvinhu. Kugadzikana kwemakemikari kunotarirwa nezvikamu uye chimiro chechigadzirwa, pamwe chete nemamiriro ekunze nezvimwe zvinhu. Semuyenzaniso, tsvuku phosphorus inopisa kana ichipisa kusvika 160C, ukuwo yellow phosphorous iri nyore oxidized uye inogona kupisa pa40C. Izvo zvakakosha zvekabhoni simbi uye simbi isina tsvina isimbi uye kabhoni, asi ngura yavo uye magineti zvakasiyana kwazvo.

(2)Toxicity yezvigadzirwa Toxicity inoreva chivakwa chezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekurongedza zvinogona kupindirana kemikari nemamwe matissue echipenyu uye kuparadza zvakajairwa physiological mabasa echipenyu. Zvigadzirwa zvine chepfu zvakanyanya zvinosanganisira mishonga, mishonga yezvipembenene uye zvigadzirwa zvemakemikari, izvo zvakakamurwa kuita zvinhu zvine chepfu uye zvine chepfu. Ruzivo rwakakodzera chetoxicity runogona kuwanikwa mune ruzivo rwakakodzera.

(3)Corrosiveness of product Corrosiveness of product Corrosiveness of products (Corrosiveness of products) inyaya yekuti zvimwe zvigadzirwa, kana zvasangana nezvisikwa zvipenyu kana simbi, zvinogona kukonzera kupisa kunoita ngura kuzvinhu zvipenyu, kana kukonzera shanduko inoparadza yemakemikari kune zvimwe zvinhu. Chikonzero chikuru chekuora ndechekusangana nemaasidhi, alkalis kana munyu.

(4)Kupisa uye kuputika kwebaklava kurongedza zvekushandisachigadzirwa. Combustion is an oxidation reaction, kazhinji inokonzerwa nekupisa uye chiedza. Yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvina: zvinwiwa zvinopfuta, zvinyoro zvinopfuta, zvinhu zvinobvira zvinobvira uye zvinhu zvinotsva kana moto. Kuputika (Explosiveness) zvinoreva nzira yekuti chigadzirwa chinobva changosanduka kubva pachinhu chakasimba kana kuti chemvura chichienda pagasi, chichiburitsa simba guru muchimiro chesimba remuchina uye kuita ruzha rwakanyanya. Maererano nechikonzero, inogona kugoverwa kuva kuputika kwemuviri uye kuputika kwemakemikari.

 

Mapoka eMicrobial akaomarara uye akasiyana, uye anogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri: maseru uye asiri-masero. Zvipembenene zvine chimiro chesero zvinodaidzwa kuti cellular microorganisms. Iwo mabhakitiriya, mold uye mbiriso inotaurwa pano ese ma cellular microorganisms. Zvinoenderana nesero ravo chimiro, vanogona kukamurwa kuita prokaryotic microorganisms (senge mabhakitiriya) uye eukaryotic microorganisms (senge molds uye mbiriso).

(1)Mabhakitiriya ndiwo anonyanya kuparadzirwa uye akawanda ma microorganisms muzvisikwa uye ane hukama hwepedyo nevanhu. Ndivo chinhu chikuru chekutsvagisa chemicrobiology. Iyo morphology yebhakitiriya yakasiyana. Kana mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza achichinja, morphology inoshandukawo. Zvisinei, pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza, mabhakitiriya akasiyana-siyana anowanzochengetedza imwe chimiro. Utachiona hune zvimiro zvitatu zvakakosha: spherical, tsvimbo-shaped uye spiral-shaped, iyo inonzi cocci, bacilli uye spiral bacteria zvichiteerana.

(2)Mold Mold harisi zita retaxonomic, asi izwi rakajairwa kune mamwe filamentous fungi. Izvo zvakaparadzirwa zvakanyanya muzvisikwa. Ivo vanowanzo konzera mold uye mildew mune zvekurima uye padivi zvigadzirwa, zvipfeko, chikafu, mbishi zvinhu, zvekurongedza zvinhu, nezvimwe, uye zvine hukama nehupenyu hwevanhu hwezuva nezuva uye. kurongedza kugadzira. Related.

(3)Yeast Yeast iboka rema single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms ane mashandisirwo akasiyana siyana. Inogona kushandiswa kuvirisa chingwa nekugadzira waini, uye inogonawo kugadzira doro, glycerin, mannitol, organic acids, mavhitaminzi, nezvimwewo. Mapuroteni emasero embiriso akakwirira kupfuura 50% yehuremu hwakaoma hwemasero uye ine zvakakosha amino acids kumuviri wemunhu. Dzimwe mbiriso dzinogona kushandiswa kudhiza petroleum, kudzikisira nzvimbo yechando yepetroleum, uye kugadzira nucleic acid uye gadziriro dze enzyme.

Mbiriso inowanzokonzera kukuvadza kuvanhu. Saprophytic mbiriso inogona kukanganisa chikafu, machira uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa. Nhamba shoma ye hypertonic mbiriso inogona kukanganisa uchi uye jam; mamwe ave mabhakitiriya anosvibisa muindasitiri yekuvirisa. Vanodya doro uye kuderedza kugadzirwa; kana kuburitsa hwema hwakaipa, hunokanganisabaklava kurongedza zvekushandisa zvigadzirwa. quality. Dzimwe mbiriso dzinogona kukonzera zvirwere muvanhu nezvirimwa. Semuenzaniso, Candida albicans inogona kukonzera akasiyana siyana eganda, mucous membranes, kufema turakiti, digestive turakiti, uye weti system. Cryptococcus neoformans inogona kukonzera chisingaperi meningitis, mabayo, etc. Yeast inonyanya kukura munzvimbo dzine acidic ine shuga yakawanda, yakadai semichero, miriwo, nekita uye mashizha emiti.

 

Blister packaging inzira yekurongedza umo zvinhu zvakaputirwa zvakanamirwa pakati pemablister akaumbwa epachena pepa repurasitiki uye substrate (yakagadzirwa nekadhibhodhi, pepa repurasitiki, aluminium foil kana zvinhu zvavo zvakaumbwa).

Kurongedza kweganda ndiko kuisa zvinhu zvakaputirwa pane inofema substrate yakagadzirwa nekadhibhodhi kana mapepa epurasitiki, kuifukidza neyakapisa uye yakapfava epurasitiki firimu kana pepa, uye wozobuda nepakati peiyo substrate kuti ufukidze zvakasimba firimu kana pepa. Iyo yekurongedza nzira inobata zvinhu uye nekuzvisimbisa zvakatenderedza substrate.

Nzira mbiri dzekurongedza dzinoshandisa substrate sehwaro, inonziwo substrate kurongedza kana kadhi kurongedza. Chimiro chayo ndechekuti iyo yekurongedza ine yakajeka kutaridzika, inobvumira vashandisi kuti vaone zvakajeka kutaridzika kwechinhu. Panguva imwecheteyo, maitiro akanaka uye mirairo yechigadzirwa inogona kudhindwa pane substrate kuti ive nyore kuratidza uye kushandisa. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinhu zvakaputirwa zvakagadziriswa pakati pepepa refirimu uye substrate uye hazvisi nyore kukuvara panguva yekufambisa uye kutengesa. Iyi nzira yekurongedza haigone kuchengetedza zvinhu chete uye kuwedzera nguva yekuchengetedza, asi zvakare kuita basa mukusimudzira zvigadzirwa zvepamutemo uye kuwedzera kutengesa. Pamusika, inonyanya kushandiswa kurongedza zvinhu zvine maumbirwo akaomarara asina kusimba nekuda kwekumanikidza. Zvinhu zvakadai semushonga, chikafu, zvizorwa, zvekunyora, maturusi madiki maturusi uye mekiniki zvikamu, pamwe nematoyi, zvipo, zvekushongedza uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinonyanya kuwanda mumisika yekuzvisarudzira nezvitoro zvinotengesa.

Kubva pakuona kwekurongedza zvinhu, nzira mbiri dzekurongedza ndedzemhando imwe chete, asi misimboti yavo nemabasa pamwe nehurongwa hwekurongedza vane hunhu hwavo.

1.Common pfungwa pakati blister kurongedza uye kurongedza kweganda

D. Kazhinji, chiputiriso chiri pachena kuitira kuti zviri mukati zvionekwe uye zvinogona kusungirirwa nekuratidzwa.

2.inogona kurongedza zvinhu zvine zvimiro zvakaoma uye inogona kurongedza zvinhu mumapoka kana nezvikamu zvakawanda.

Kunze kwekurongedza, hunyanzvi

3.Kuburikidza nechimiro cheiyo substrate uye yakanakisa kudhinda, iyo yekusimudzira mhedzisiro yechigadzirwa inogona kuvandudzwa.

@Kuenzaniswa nemamwebaklava kurongedza zvekushandisa nzira, mari yekurongedza yakakwira, kushandiswa kwevashandi kwakakwira, uye kugona kurongedza kwakaderera 2. Misiyano pakati pekuputirwa nemablister uye kurongedza kweganda.

D kuchengetedzwa kwechigadzirwa. Blister packaging ine zvipingamupinyi zvivakwa uye inogona kuve vacuum yakarongedzwa. Nekudaro, kurongeka kwemuviri hakugone kuwana 2-pack oparesheni. Blister packaging iri nyore kuita otomatiki kana kugadzira mutsara wekugadzira, asi inoda kutsiva mold. Inokodzera kugadzirwa kwepakiti-diki uye yakakura-vhoriyamu. Kurongedza kweganda kwakaoma kuwana otomatiki kana kugadzira mutsara wekugadzira, uye kugona kwekugadzira kwakadzikira. Nekudaro, haidi kutsiva molds uye inokodzera kuwanda-siyana uye yakakura-vhoriyamu yekurongedza kugadzira.

3Packaging mutengo. Zvinhu zvekurongedza uye zvekurongedza zvemablister packaging zvinodhura. Kune zvinhu zvakakura uye zvinorema zvine mabheji madiki, mutengo wakakwira nekuda kwekudiwa kwekugadzira mold. Kurongedza kweganda kunowanzo kuchipa, asi kunoda basa rakawanda uye kunodhura zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwemapakeji akawanda.

4 .packaging effect. Blister packaging yakanyanya kunaka uye inogona kuwedzera kukosha kwechigadzirwa. Kuonekwa kweganda-kukodzera kurongedza kwakashata zvishoma nekuda kwemaburi madiki ekutsvaira pa substrate.

Naizvozvo, blister packaging inokodzera huwandu hukuru, zvinhu zvidiki, uye zvinhu zvisingade zvakanaka zvipingamupinyi zvivakwa. Kuiswa kweganda kunokodzera zvimedu zvidiki zvezvinhu zvine maumbirwo akaomarara zviri nyore kukuvadzwa panguva yekutenderera uye hazvidi zvipingamupinyi zvinhu.

 

Blister packaging yakatanga kushandiswa kurongedza mishonga. Kuti akunde kusagadzikana kwekutora mishonga mumabhodhoro egirazi, mabhodhoro epurasitiki nemamwe mabhodhoro, blister packaging yakaonekwa muma1950s uye yakashandiswa zvakanyanya. Mushure mekutsvagisa kwakadzama uye kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza kweblister kurongedza zvinhu, maitiro uye muchina, yakafambira mberi zvikuru maererano nemhando yekurongedza, kumhanya kwekugadzira uye hupfumi. Mazuva ano, kunze kwekuputirwa kwemapiritsi emishonga, capsules uye suppositories, inoshandiswawo zvakanyanya mukuputira kwezvokudya, zvinodiwa zvezuva nezuva nezvimwe zvinhu.

Blister packaging inogona kuchengetedza zvinhu kubva kuhunyoro, guruva, kusvibiswa, kuba uye kukuvara, kuwedzera nguva yekuchengetedza zvinhu, uye iyo iri pachena nemirayiridzo yekushandiswa yakadhindwa pane substrate, ichipa nyore kune vatengi. Mushonga wacho wakaputirwa paaluminium foil substrate zvichienderana nedosi. Zita remushonga, kutora mirayiridzo uye mamwe mashoko anodhindwa kumashure kwealuminium foil. Inonzi PTP (press through pack) kurongedza kunze kwenyika uye inonzi press-kuburikidza nekurongedza muChina nekuti kana uchiitora, inodzvanywa neruoko. Ne blister, mushonga unogona kutorwa kunze kuburikidza nealuminium foil yekutsigirwa, kana kuisa zvakananga mumuromo kudzivirira kusvibiswa. Zvimwe zvinhu zvidiki zvakaita sezvinyoreso zvebhora, mapanga, zvekuzora, nezvimwewo zvakaturikidzwa mumablister package nemakadhibhokisi. Iyo inotsigirwa inogona kuitwa mumhando yekurembera uye yakaturikwa pasherufu, iyo iri pachena uye inoita basa mukunakisa uye kushambadza, izvo zvinobatsira kutengesa.