Igishushanyo mbonera cyo kugurisha, ibikoresho byo gupakira

Igishushanyo mbonera cyo kugurisha,ibikoresho byo gupakira

Ubumenyi bwibanze bwo kugurisha ibicuruzwa

1. Igitekerezo cyo kugurisha ibicuruzwa nibikorwa byacyo,ibikoresho byo gupakira 

Ibicuruzwa byo kugurisha ibicuruzwa,ibikoresho byo gupakira,bizwi kandi nk'ibipfunyika bito, bipfunyika ibicuruzwa, ni ibipaki bito bigurishwa kubaguzi bafite ibicuruzwa hagamijwe kugurisha. Ifite imirimo ikurikira: imikorere yo kumenyekanisha, imikorere yoroshye, imikorere yubwiza, gutekereza no gukora ibikorwa. Ibyingenzi byingenzi mubicuruzwa bipfunyika ni igishushanyo mbonera cyo gushushanya no gushushanya ibyoroshye, imitako yo gupakira bivuga gushushanya no gutunganya ibicuruzwa byo kugurisha ibicuruzwa. Imiterere, ibara, inyandiko, guhuza, imiterere, imiterere, ikirango nibindi bintu bipfunyitse bigize ubuhanzi, bugira uruhare mukwirakwiza amakuru yibicuruzwa, kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa, gushimisha ibicuruzwa, kwerekana ibiranga ibicuruzwa, guteza imbere ibicuruzwa no koroshya ibicuruzwa.Ibikoresho byo gupakira naGupakira ibicuruzwa no gushushanya ni amatangazo ashobora kugaragara ahantu hose ku isoko, ni igikoresho cyo kugeza amakuru ku isoko rihari ndetse n’isoko rishobora kuba, ni intwaro ikomeye yo kuzamura ubushobozi bw’ibicuruzwa, kandi ni inzira isanzwe yo guteza imbere kwamamaza. . Ingaruka yaibikoresho byo gupakiraigicuruzwa cyiza cyo kugurisha mukuzamura ibicuruzwa no kuzamura ibiciro ntagushidikanya.

Ibisabwa byibanze byububiko bwo kugurisha ni: kuzuza ibisabwa nibipimo ngenderwaho byigihuguKuriibikoresho byo gupakira; Bizakorwa hubahirijwe ibikubiyemo n'ibisabwa mu mushinga cyangwa amasezerano; Ibirimo birahujwe nibikoresho byo gupakira; Witondere byuzuye inyungu zubukungu nubukungu kandi ugabanye ibiciro byo gupakira bishoboka; Gusubiramo ibikoresho byo gupakira, ibikoresho cyangwa guta imyanda bigomba gutekerezwa; Ubukomezi, imbaraga, ubukana n'umutekano hamwe n'ibisabwa by'isuku byo gupakira bigomba kubahirizwa; Bikwiye kuba byiza mubikorwa byo gupakira, kwerekana, gutwara, gufungura, kubika no gukoresha: imiterere nubunini bwinteruro bigomba gufatwa nkibisanzwe hamwe na serialisationasloibikoresho byo gupakira, kugirango byorohereze ubwikorezi no gupakira; Ingaruka yacyo hamwe nibikorwa byo kohereza amakuru bigomba gutekerezwa byuzuye; Ibisabwa bya tekiniki muri gahunda yo gushushanya bigomba kugenzurwa nuburyo bwo kugerageza.

2. Gushushanya amahame n'ibishushanyo mbonera Kugirango ugabanye imikorere y'ibicuruzwaibikoresho byo gupakiragupakira no gutanga umukino wuzuye ku ngaruka zo gupakira ku kwamamaza, igishushanyo mbonera cy'ibicuruzwa bigomba gukurikiza amahame akurikira:

(1) Ibikoresho byo kugurisha ubumenyi n'umutekanonaibikoresho byo gupakiraigishushanyo kigomba gushingira kubiranga ibirimo nurwego rwo kurinda bikenewe hamwe nibisabwa kugurisha, kurengera ibidukikije nibindi bijyanye no guhitamo neza ibikoresho bipfunyika. Mumenye mu buhangaibikoresho byo gupakiraimiterere yo gupakira nuburyo bwo kurinda, ikoreshwa ryiterambereibikoresho byo gupakiragupakira tekinoroji n'ikoranabuhanga, kuburyo imiterere rusange yaibikoresho byo gupakiragupakira bifite gushyira mu gaciro nimbaraga zihagije, kandi urebe neza ko (2) gupakira mubukungu bifitanye isano rya bugufiibikoresho byo gupakiraibiciro byibicuruzwa nigiciro cyo kuzenguruka. Kugirango umutekano wibicuruzwa bikubiye mubikorwa nkenerwa bisabwa no gupakira, no kugera kuburinganire bwuzuye hagati itandukanyeibikoresho byo gupakiraimirimo yo gupakira. Mugihe gikwiye, igishushanyo mbonera kigomba guhitamo ibikoresho byo gupakira bihendutse, hashingiwe ku kutagira ingaruka ku bwiza bwo gupakira, igishushanyo mbonera kigomba guhitamo igiciro cyizaibikoresho byo gupakiraibikoresho byo gupakira, hashingiwe ku kutagira ingaruka ku bwiza bw’ibipfunyika, bigomba gukoresha uburyo bwubukungu kandi bworoshye bwo kugabanya ibiciro byo gupakira, kugirango igabanye igiciro cyibicuruzwa, hashingiwe ku kuzuza ibisabwa imbaraga, bigomba guhitamo uburemere bworoshye ibikoresho byo gupakira, Kugabanya uburemere bwo gupakira uko bishoboka kwose, kugabanya ingano yububiko, kugera kubipimo ngenderwaho byapakiwe, no kugabanya kuzenguruka

3) Amahirwe agomba gushingira kubisabwaibikoresho byo gupakiraumusaruro wibicuruzwa, kugurisha no gukoresha, kugirango byorohereze ababikora kugera kubintu bikomeza kandi byikoraibikoresho byo gupakiragupakira, korohereza abagurisha kwerekana no kugurisha, no korohereza abaguzi gukoresha, gutwara, gufungura no gufunga. Igihe kimwe, ukurikije ikiguzi. Ibikoresho byo gukoresha bipakiye muburyo butandukanye, ubushobozi nibisobanuro, nibicuruzwa bifitanye isano bikoreshwa mugushigikiraibikoresho byo gupakiragupakira. . kugirango tunoze irushanwa ryisoko ryibicuruzwa

. Abaguzi bafite imyumvire yubwiza kubicuruzwa, kugirangoibikoresho byo gupakiragupakira no gushushanya birashobora guhuza na psychologiya yabaguzi no guteza imbere kugurishaibikoresho byo gupakiraibicuruzwa

(6) Isuku igomba kugira uruhare rwihariye mugupakira ibicuruzwa byo kugurisha ibiryo, amavuta yo kwisiga, imiti, ibicuruzwa byubuzima nibindi bicuruzwa. Witondere ubuzima n’umutekano bisabwa ibicuruzwa bipfunyitse, kuruhande rumwe, birasabwa koibikoresho byo gupakiragupakira birashobora gutandukanya umwanda wibintu bitandukanye bidafite isuku, cyane cyane kwanduza mikorobe, udukoko nimbeba; Kurundi ruhande, ibikoresho byo gupakira ntibigomba kuba birimo uburozi n’imiti yangiza Guhinduka.

(7) Kurengera ibidukikije mugushushanya kwaibikoresho byo gupakiragupakira, dukwiye gusuzuma ibisabwa mu kurengera ibidukikije, kongera ubumenyi bwo kutagira umwanda no kumenyekanisha ibidukikije, guhuza n’isoko ry’isi kubera amahame mashya n’amabwiriza mashya agenga ibikoresho byo gupakira hamwe n’imyanda yo gupakira yatewe n’amarushanwa mashya, guteza imbere imyanda mike , irashobora gutunganywa kongera gukoreshwa, byoroshye kuyisubiramo cyangwa kwiyangiza-kwipakira icyatsi. Igihe kimwe, mugurishaibikoresho byo gupakiraigishushanyo mbonera kigomba kandi kwitondera iterambere ryumvikana ryibyo kubika ibikoresho.

Ingano yo kugurishaibikoresho byo gupakiraigishushanyo mbonera gikubiyemo ibintu bitatu: igishushanyo mbonera cyerekana ibikoresho; Igishushanyo mbonera; Igishushanyo mbonera.

Ibice bitatu bifitanye isano kandi byambukiranya, kandi ntibishobora gutandukana rwose.

Ihame rusange ryo kugurishaibikoresho byo gupakiraigishushanyo mbonera ni: "siyanse, ubukungu, ihamye, nziza, igurishwa". Iri hame ryashyizwe imbere yibikorwa byibanze byo gupakira, kandi nibisabwa muri rusange kubishushanyo mbonera. Muri iri hame, nkibanda kumikorere yitumanaho nigikorwa cyo kuzamura igishushanyo mbonera, bigomba kandi kuba byujuje ibyangombwa bine bikurikira: byoroshye kumenya; Fata ijisho; Gira ibyiyumvo byiza, bikwiye. Ibice bine byavuzwe haruguru nibyingenzi mugutezimbere kugurisha ibicuruzwa, kandi bigabanya kandi bigahuza umubano hagati yine, arirwo rufunguzo rwo kugurishaibikoresho byo gupakiraigishushanyo mbonera.

Ikintu nyamukuru cyakazi cyaibikoresho byo gupakiraIgishushanyo mbonera ni igurishwa ryibicuruzwa, bigira uruhare runini mugutezimbere ibicuruzwa no guhatanira kwagura isoko no kongera ibicuruzwa. Hamwe niterambere ryubukungu, gupakira no gushushanya byateye imbere uhereye kumugereka wambere wibicuruzwa kugirango ugire agaciro kangana nibicuruzwa, kandi rimwe na rimwe bifite akamaro kuruta ibicuruzwa.

Gupakira ibishushanyo mbonera ahanini bifite ubuhanzi bubiri kandi bufatika. Imyitozo niyambere, kandi ubuhanzi buri mubikorwa, nicyo kintu rusange kiranga ibihangano bifatika. Gupakira no gushushanya gushushanya guteza imbere kugurisha ibicuruzwa nkintego nyamukuru mumibanire yubuhanzi nibikorwa bifatika hariho ibintu bimwe na bimwe biranga imiterere. Igihe kimwe,ibikoresho byo gupakiraibishushanyo mbonera byo gupakira nabyo bifite ubuhanzi nubucuruzi; Ubuhanzi n'ubuhanga; Ubuhanzi n'imikorere; Ibiranga ubuhanzi nigihe gikwiye.

3. Igishushanyo mbonera

Icyerekezo cyo gushushanya nuburyo bufitanye isano rya hafi nigishushanyo mbonera, gishimangira akamaro, intego nakamaro ko gushushanya, kandi gishyiraho ibyingenzi nicyerekezo cyibishushanyo mbonera. Hano haribisobanuro bitandukanye kubyerekeranye nicyerekezo. Nubwo atariyo myumvire ubwayo, ifite akamaro kanini nkibisobanuro nifatizo ryibishushanyo mbonera.

Ubusobanuro nyamukuru bwibishushanyo mbonera ni ugushimangira ibiranga ubwabo kurenza ibindi bicuruzwa, kwerekana ingingo zingenzi abandi batigeze batekereza mubipfunyika ubwabo, no gushyiraho insanganyamatsiko nibitekerezo byubushakashatsi. Igishushanyo mbonera gishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri:

(1) Ikusanyamakuru Ikusanyamakuru ni icyiciro cyo gutegura ibishushanyo mbonera. Muri societe igezweho, biragaragara cyane kugereranya amarushanwa yisoko n "intambara yubucuruzi". Gutsinda intambara, kumenya wowe n'umwanzi nicyo kintu cya mbere. Ibishushanyo byo gupakira no gushushanya mumarushanwa yisoko ahura nibibazo bibiri: kimwe ni uguhitamo abaguzi, icya kabiri ni amarushanwa yibicuruzwa bisa. Ni ishingiro ryibishushanyo mbonera kugirango dusobanukirwe nuburyo bujyanye nibintu byashushanyije. Intego yo gukusanya amakuru ni ukumenya undi muntu. Ubu ni

Igishushanyo mbonera ni akazi kagomba gukorwa. Ikusanyamakuru rigomba gukorwa uhereye kubintu bibiri byerekeranye nigishushanyo mbonera hamwe nikintu cyo guhatanira icyarimwe, kandi ibintu byihariye birashobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu: kugurisha isoko, ibicuruzwa, gupakira no gushushanya.

Kwamamaza birimo: ibintu byo gukoresha; Isoko ryo gutanga no gusaba; Umugabane ku isoko; Agace ko kugurisha nigihembwe; kugurisha

Inzira.

Ibikoresho byo gupakira pibicuruzwa birimo: ikirango n amanota; Ibiranga n'imikorere; Ubwiza no gukoresha agaciro, ubuzima bwinzira, ibikoresho, inzira nubuhanga; Igiciro n'inyungu.

Igishushanyo mbonera cyo gupakira kirimo:ibikoresho byo gupakiraibikoresho byo gupakira, ikoranabuhanga n'ikoranabuhanga, imiterere yo gupakira n'imiterere, uburyo bwo kuvuga nuburyo bwo kuvuga; Igiciro cyo gupakira; Hariho ibibazo.

Ibicuruzwa nibicuruzwa byamamaza birashobora kumvikana no kuboneka kubashinzwe kubishinzwe, kandi amakuru yo gupakira no gushushanya agomba kugiti cye kwitabira iperereza nubushakashatsi byakozwe nuwabishizeho. Ikusanyamakuru rigomba kuba ryuzuye kandi ryuzuye rishoboka, rifitanye isano itaziguye nicyemezo cyo gushushanya ibishushanyo mbonera no gushyira mubikorwa imikorere.

. shiraho igikwiye gukorwa

Kandi ugaragaze icyo. Ibintu bitatu by'ibanze byo gushushanya ni ibirango, ibicuruzwa n'abaguzi. Ibi bintu bitatu byibanze bigomba kugaragara mubigurishaibikoresho byo gupakiragupakira ibishushanyo mbonera, ikibazo nuko buri kintu cyibanze kirimo umubare munini wibintu bikize byamakuru, ibishushanyo mbonera ni ugusobanura umubano wibanze nuwisumbuye, shiraho insanganyamatsiko yo gushushanya no kwibanda.

Ukurikije ibicuruzwa bihagaze, ibirango byerekana ibicuruzwa hamwe nu mwanya wabaguzi, guhuza ibintu nabyo birashobora gukorwa ukurikije ibihe byihariye byibicuruzwa nisoko, ni ukuvuga, insanganyamatsiko yo gushushanya ikubiyemo ibintu byinshi icyarimwe. Kurugero, ibicuruzwa nibirango,ibikoresho byo gupakiraibicuruzwa n'abaguzi, ibirango n'abaguzi, nibindi. Ntakibazo cyaba icyerekezo cyerekanwe, icyangombwa nugushiraho intego yibikorwa. Nta kwibanda, bingana n'ibirimo; Byibandwaho cyane bingana no kutibandaho, kandi byombi bitakaza ibisobanuro byubushakashatsi.

Ibanze shingiro ryibicuruzwa bipfunyika Ibicuruzwa shingiro byububiko bwo kugurisha ni igishushanyo mbonera, igishushanyo mbonera, igishushanyo cyamabara, igishushanyo mbonera nuburyo bworoshye.

Imiterere yo kugurisha ibishushanyo mbonera bigomba kuba bifatika, icya kabiri ni cyiza, naho icya gatatu ni ugutunga impinduka. Imiterere yo kugurishaibikoresho byo gupakiragupakira muri rusange byegeranye, gufungura idirishya, byoroshye, kumanika, gukorera mu mucyo, byoroshye gufungura, kongera gukoreshwa, impano nibindi.

1. Ibikoresho byo gupakiraigishushanyo mbonera cyo gupakira mubikoresho byo gupakira hanze ninyuma yinyongera, ipfundo ryururabyo, nibindi, kugirango ugaragaze kandi uzamure ubuhanzi bwo kwerekana ibicuruzwa. Twabibutsa ko ihame ryo koroshya ari ingenzi cyane muburyo bwo gupakira ibicuruzwa, bigenwa nuburyo bufatika bwo gupakira no gupakira. Mbere ya byose, kwerekana imiterere igoye ntibikwiye kubyara umusaruro mwinshi, ntabwo bihuye nihame ryo kubungabunga ubukungu, ntanubwo byoroshye gukoresha, kandi icya kabiri, bifitanye isano nuburyohe bwubwiza bwabaguzi, kwerekana byoroshye kandi byoroshye biroroshye. kubonwa, byoroshye, karemano, guhanga icyitegererezo ni umuguzi

Reka dutegereze.

Bikunzwe. Igishushanyo mbonera nigice cyingenzi cyo gupakira ibishushanyo mbonera, uruhare rwarwo ni uguteza imbere ibicuruzwa, kumenyekanisha umusaruro

2. Kugurisha kwaibikoresho byo gupakiragupakira ibicuruzwa byashushanyije, mugihe ukina uruhare rwo gushushanya. Igitekerezo nigishushanyo cyinyandiko bigomba gushingira kubiranga ibicuruzwa nibiranga ahacururizwa kugirango ugerageze kugera kubintu byiza kandi bifite ireme, ururimi rugomba kuba rugufi kandi rwukuri, ijambo rigomba kuba rikaze, inyandiko nubusobanuro bigomba kuba byukuri, imyandikire yimyandikire nuburyo bwo gushushanya bigomba guhuzwa kandi bigahuzwa, kandi imiterere igomba kuba ishyize mu gaciro. Ibirango n'amazina y'ibiranga ni ubugingo bw'ifoto yo gupakira no gushushanya, bigomba kuba bishushanyije mu gice kinini cy'ishusho; Izina ryibicuruzwa rishobora gushyirwa mumwanya wa kabiri, nibindi bisobanuro byamakuru, inyandiko isobanura, inyandiko yamamaza, nibindi bigomba gutegurwa muburyo bukurikije ibanze nayisumbuye. Kugeza ubu, ibihugu byinshi bisaba gupakira ibicuruzwa kugirango bikoreshe ibice bibiri cyangwa byinshi byanditse, bityo rero ukurikije ibiranga nibisabwa mubihugu bitandukanye, guhitamo neza inyandiko, gutekerezwa neza muburyo bw'imyandikire, ingano yijambo, guhitamo imyandikire, umubano wuzuye kandi ibindi bintu byo guhitamo neza.

3. Ibikoresho byo gupakira pgushushanya amabara

Ibara ni ururimi rwubuhanzi rwo gupakira no gushushanya, kandi nubuyobozi bugaragara kubakoresha kugura ibicuruzwa. Ibara rishobora gutanga amakuru atandukanye, kwerekana ibisobanuro byinshi, gukangura ibitekerezo byiza byabantu, kugirango bizane ingaruka itaziguye kubicuruzwa. Igishushanyo cyamabara kigomba kumvira insanganyamatsiko yishusho, ukurikije imiterere nibiranga ibicuruzwa gukora, cyane cyane kugirango ukoreshe ikoreshwa ryibara risanzwe, ibara ryamamaye nibara risanzwe.

Buri gihugu n'akarere bifite ibyo bikunda amabara gakondo, ni ukuvuga amabara y'ibanze. Ibyiyumvo byabantu nibyifuzo byabo byamabara akenshi biterwa nuburinganire bwimiterere, imigenzo yigihugu, imyizerere y’amadini, ibintu bya politiki, nubuzima bwabo.

Ibara rizwi cyane ryo gupakira ni ibara ryemerwa kandi rigakundwa nabantu benshi mugace runaka nigihe runaka. Kugaragara kw'amabara azwi nigisubizo byanze bikunze bisabwa gushya kwabantu, kandi iterambere ryacyo rifite gahunda ihamye. Umuguzi akurikirana amabara azwi yerekana icyifuzo cyumuguzi cyo guhinduka, kwiteza imbere, guhuza nicyerekezo, no gutinyuka gukurikirana imitekerereze, kikaba kiranga ubuzima bwabaguzi. Igishushanyo cyamabara yo kugurisha ibicuruzwa ntigomba gutakaza umwanya wo gufata amakuru azwi no gushushanya amabara hamwe nuburyo bukunzwe hamwe nuburyo bwa The Times.

Gupakira ibara ni ibara ibicuruzwa bitandukanye byakoreshejwe igihe kinini kandi abaguzi bakoreshwa kubyemera. Nko gukoresha amabara ashyushye kugirango ushimangire imirire iryoshye y'ibiryo; Koresha amabara meza kugirango ushimangire kuramba kwibikoresho bya mashini. Gupakira ibara ryigenga rifite imizi yimbitse mubitekerezo byabaguzi. Guhitamo gupakira ibara rimwe na rimwe byoroshye gutera ibintu bisa hagati yibicuruzwa, ibisa nabyo ntabwo bifasha kugurisha. Kubwibyo, guhitamo ibara, dukwiye kuba beza mugukurikiza imigenzo, ariko kandi tugatinyuka guhanga udushya. 4. Gupakira ibikoresho byo gushushanya

Ibishushanyo, amafoto, ibishushanyo mbonera nuburyo bwo gutabara imbere yimitako yapakiwe byitwa ibishushanyo mbonera. Igicuruzwa gifatika cyerekanwe mubipfunyitse bisobanutse no gupakira idirishya nabyo ni igice cyibice byerekana ishusho. Igishushanyo mbonera gikoresha uburyo butandukanye bwo gushushanya, nko gushushanya, gushushanya amakarito, gushushanya, gushushanya abashinwa, gushushanya amavuta, gushushanya amabara, gushushanya amashusho, gushushanya kashe, gukata impapuro, gufotora, no gukoresha ubuhanga butandukanye bwo gushushanya, kugirango igishushanyo mbonera gishobora gutezwa imbere no gushirwaho.