Ibintu bya shimi bigira ingarukaibikoresho byo gupakirainzira

Kumenya imiterere yimiti, imiterere yimiti nimihindagurikire yimiti yibintu byapakiwe, gusobanukirwa no kwiga imiterere nuburyo bwo kwangirika kwibintu mugihe cyo kuzenguruka, no guhitamo ingamba zifatika zo kurinda imiti bizafasha muburyo bwiza bwo gupakira no guteguraibikoresho byo gupakirainzira.

1. Ibigize imiti yibicuruzwa

Ibigize imiti yibicuruzwa bipfunyitse birashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu: ibinyabuzima bidafite umubiri, ibinyabuzima kama nibivanze byombi. Ihinduka ryiza ryibicuruzwa bipfunyitse mugihe cyo kuzenguruka ahanini ni ibisubizo byingaruka ziterwa nimpinduka zimiti, impinduka zumubiri nibikorwa bya physiologique byibicuruzwa ubwabyo, bigenwa nibigize ibicuruzwa bipfunyitse ubwabyo hamwe nuburyo ibintu bizenguruka. .

(1)Ibigize imiti yibiribwa Ibiryo bigabanyijemo ibyiciro bibiri: ibiryo bisanzwe nibiryo bitunganijwe. Ibiryo bisanzwe nibidatunganijwe nibiryo bishya kandi bishya. Ibiryo bitunganijwe nibicuruzwa byabonetse mugutunganya ibiryo karemano nkibikoresho fatizo, nk'ibinyampeke byuzuye, bombo, imigati, kubika, amabati, ibinyobwa, itabi, vino, icyayi, ibyokurya, ibiryo byoroshye, ibikomoka ku mata, ibirungo, n'ibindi. ibiyigize ni karubone, proteyine, ibinure, selile, vitamine, imyunyu ngugu, n'ibindi. Ibiryo bishya kandi bishya, nk'imbuto, imboga, amafi mashya na shrimp, n'ibindi, usibye kuba birimo ibintu byavuzwe haruguru, ni nayo ikora ibikorwa bya metabolike kandi ikomeza

Ikomeje gukora okiside yibinyabuzima munsi ya catalizike yimisemburo, ni ukuvuga ko ikora ibikorwa bisanzwe byumubiri.

(2)Ibigize imiti yimiti Ibicuruzwa bya farumasi nibiyobyabwenge bigamije ubuvuzi nubuvuzi, harimo inshinge, amazi, ifu, ibinini, ibinini, amavuta yo kwambara. Byinshi muribi bikoresho ni imvange yibintu byinshi cyangwa ibikoresho. Bimwe muribi bigizwe nibintu byinshi bidakoreshwa cyangwa ibinyabuzima bivangwa bitandukanye, nka jelly yumwami wa ginseng, ibinini bya Yinqiao Jiedu, nibindi, byose bivangwa nibintu byinshi bitandukanye.

(3)Ibigize imiti yo kwisiga Amavuta yo kwisiga Nibikoresho bya chimique bya buri munsi bikoreshwa mukurinda no kurimbisha uruhu rwabantu. Harimo cyane cyane amavuta, ifu, ibikoresho byamazi, ibikoresho byamavuta, nibindi. Amavuta yo kwisiga arimo impumuro nziza, ibara, ibikoresho byoza, intungamubiri, imiti, nibindi.

Ni uruvange rw'ibikoresho bitandukanye bya shimi cyangwa ibikoresho bisanzwe. Uhagaritse

(4)Ibigize imiti yibikoresho bya elegitoroniki Ibice byinshi byibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bikozwe mubyuma, ibyuma bya karubone, umuringa, aluminium nibindi bikoresho byuma, kandi ibyinshi muri byo ni ibyuma nicyuma cya karubone. Ibice byabo byingenzi nibyuma, karubone nibindi bivanga. Icyuma nicyuma gisa nicyoroshye kandi gishobora gukora byoroshye-bateri zifite karubone nicyuma kidakora. Kubwibyo, icyuma nikintu cyangirika byoroshye. Byongeye kandi, nyuma yuko ibice bimwe byibikoresho byubukanishi n’amashanyarazi bitwitswe, gusudira, ubushyuhe buvuwe cyangwa bugoretse, gukanda cyangwa kugorama, bizatera impinduka zumuvuduko imbere yicyuma. Izi mashini zizanateza imbere kwangirika kwicyuma, aricyo bita "guhangayika".

(5)Ibigize imiti yimiti ishobora guteza akaga Ibyangiza imiti bivuga ibintu byaka, biturika, uburozi bukabije, byangirika cyane na radio. Ukurikije imiterere yimiti yabyo, barashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro icumi: ibintu biturika, okiside, imyuka ihumanye hamwe na gaze ya lisukari, ibintu byotsa bidatinze, ibintu byaka iyo bihuye namazi, amazi yaka umuriro, ibintu byaka umuriro, ibintu byangiza, ibintu byangiza na radio ibintu. Bimwe muri ibyo bikoresho ni ibinyabuzima bigizwe na karubone, hydrogène, na ogisijeni, bimwe ni ibyuma bikora cyangwa ibyuma bikoresha radiyo, kandi bimwe ni uburozi butagira umubiri cyangwa ibinyabuzima. Imiterere yimiti iratandukanye ukurikije ubwoko bwabo.

 

Imiterere yimiti yibicuruzwa bipfunyitse bivuga imiterere imiterere, imiterere nibigize ibicuruzwa bigira impinduka zikomeye mubihe byumucyo, ubushyuhe, ogisijeni, aside, alkali, umunyu, ubushyuhe nubushuhe, cyane cyane harimo imiti ihamye, kwangirika. , uburozi, gutwikwa no guturika, nibindi.

(1)Imiterere yimiti yibicuruzwa Ihagarikwa ryimiti bivuga imikorere yibicuruzwa bidakunda kubora, okiside cyangwa izindi mpinduka murwego runaka bitewe nimpamvu zituruka hanze. Imiti ihamye igenwa nibigize n'imiterere y'ibicuruzwa, kimwe n'imiterere yo hanze n'ibindi bintu. Kurugero, fosifore itukura yaka iyo ishyushye kuri 160C, mugihe fosifore yumuhondo iba oxyde byoroshye kandi irashobora gutwika 40C. Ibice byingenzi bigize ibyuma bya karubone nicyuma kitagira umwanda nicyuma na karubone, ariko kubora kwabo na magnetisme biratandukanye cyane.

(2)Uburozi bwibicuruzwa Uburozi bivuga umutungo wibintu bimwe na bimwe bipakira bishobora guhuza imiti nuduce tumwe na tumwe tw’ibinyabuzima kandi bigasenya imikorere isanzwe y’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima. Ibicuruzwa bifite uburozi birimo cyane cyane imiti, imiti yica udukoko n’ibicuruzwa bivura imiti, bigabanijwemo uburozi bukabije n’uburozi. Ubumenyi bwuburozi bujyanye burashobora kuboneka mumakuru afatika.

(3)Kwangirika kw'ibicuruzwa Kwangirika kw'ibicuruzwa bivuga ko ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe, iyo bihuye n'ibinyabuzima cyangwa ibyuma bizima, bishobora gutera inkongi y'umuriro ndetse n'ingese ku binyabuzima, cyangwa bigatera impinduka zangiza imiti ku bindi bintu. Impamvu nyamukuru itera ruswa ni uguhura na acide, alkalis cyangwa umunyu.

(4)Gutwika no guturika kwaibikoresho byo gupakiraibicuruzwa. Gutwikwa ni reaction ya okiside, ubusanzwe iterwa n'ubushyuhe n'umucyo. Igabanyijemo ibyiciro bine: ibicanwa byaka, ibicanwa byaka, ibintu byotsa bidatinze nibintu byaka mugihe umuriro. Ibisasu bivuga inzira igicuruzwa gihita gihinduka kiva mubintu bikomeye cyangwa byamazi bigahinduka gaze, bikarekura ingufu nyinshi muburyo bwingufu za mashini no kumvikanisha ijwi rirenga muri kamere. Ukurikije impamvu, irashobora kugabanywa guturika kumubiri no guturika kwa shimi.

 

Amatsinda ya mikorobe aragoye kandi aratandukanye, kandi arashobora kugabanywa mubice bibiri: selile na selile. Microorganisme ifite imiterere ya selile yitwa microorganism selile. Indwara ya bagiteri, ibibyimba n'imisemburo yavuzwe hano ni mikorobe ngengabuzima. Ukurikije imiterere y'utugingo ngengabuzima, barashobora kugabanywamo mikorobe ya prokaryyotike (nka bagiteri) na mikorobe ya eukaryotique (nk'imisemburo n'umusemburo).

(1)Indwara ya bagiteri ni mikorobe ikwirakwizwa cyane kandi mikorobe nyinshi muri kamere kandi ifitanye isano rya bugufi n'abantu. Nibintu nyamukuru byubushakashatsi bwa mikorobi. Imiterere ya bagiteri iratandukanye. Iyo ibidukikije bihindutse, morphologie nayo irahinduka. Nyamara, mubihe bimwe na bimwe bidukikije, bagiteri zitandukanye zigumana imiterere runaka. Indwara ya bagiteri ifite uburyo butatu bwibanze: serefegitura, imeze nkinkoni na spiral, bita cocci, bacilli na bacteri spiral.

(2)Mold Mold ntabwo ari izina rya tagisi, ahubwo ni ijambo rusange kubihumyo bimwe. Zikwirakwijwe cyane muri kamere. Bakunze gutera ibibyimba byoroheje mubuhinzi no kuruhande, imyenda, ibiryo, ibikoresho fatizo, ibikoresho byo gupakira, nibindi, kandi bifitanye isano rya bugufi nubuzima bwa buri munsi kandi umusaruro wo gupakira. Bifitanye isano.

(3)Umusemburo ni itsinda rya selile imwe ya eukaryotic mikorobe ifite uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha. Zishobora gukoreshwa mu gusembura imigati no gukora vino, kandi zishobora no gutanga inzoga, glycerine, mannitol, acide kama, vitamine, nibindi. irimo aside amine ya ngombwa kumubiri wumuntu. Imisemburo imwe irashobora gukoreshwa mugukuramo peteroli, kugabanya aho peteroli ikonja, no gutegura acide nucleic na enzyme.

Umusemburo kandi akenshi utera abantu nabi. Umusemburo wa saprophytike urashobora kwangiza ibiryo, imyenda nibindi bikoresho fatizo. Umubare muto wimisemburo ya hypertonic irashobora kwangiza ubuki na jam; bamwe babaye bagiteri zanduza inganda za fermentation. Banywa inzoga kandi bagabanya umusaruro; cyangwa kubyara impumuro mbi, bigira ingarukaibikoresho byo gupakira ibicuruzwa. ubuziranenge. Imisemburo imwe n'imwe irashobora gutera indwara mubantu n'ibimera. Kurugero, Candida albicans irashobora gutera indwara zitandukanye zuruhu, ururenda, imyanya y'ubuhumekero, inzira zifungura, hamwe na sisitemu yinkari. Cryptococcus neoformans irashobora gutera meningite idakira, umusonga, nibindi. Umusemburo ukura cyane mubidukikije birimo aside irimo isukari nyinshi, nko ku mbuto, imboga, nectar n'amababi y'ibimera.

 

Gupakira blisteri nuburyo bwo gupakira ibintu bipfunyitse bifunze hagati yigitereko gikozwe mumpapuro ya pulasitike ibonerana hamwe na substrate (bikozwe mu ikarito, urupapuro rwa pulasitike, ifu ya aluminium cyangwa ibikoresho byabo).

Gupakira uruhu nugushira ibintu byapakiwe kumurongo uhumeka wakozwe mubikarito cyangwa impapuro za pulasitike, ukabipfundikiza firime ya pulasitike ishyushye kandi yoroshye, hanyuma ukava muri substrate kugirango uzenguruke neza firime cyangwa urupapuro. Uburyo bwo gupakira bufata ibintu kandi bukabifunga hafi ya substrate.

Uburyo bwombi bwo gupakira bukoresha substrate nkibanze, byitwa no gupakira ibikoresho cyangwa gupakira amakarita. Ikiranga ni uko ibipfunyika bifite isura igaragara, ituma abayikoresha babona neza isura yikintu. Mugihe kimwe, uburyo bwiza nibisobanuro byibicuruzwa birashobora gucapishwa kuri substrate kugirango byoroshye kwerekana no gukoresha. Ku rundi ruhande, ibintu bipakiye bishyirwa hagati yurupapuro rwa firime na substrate kandi ntabwo byangiritse byoroshye mugihe cyo gutwara no kugurisha. Ubu buryo bwo gupakira ntibushobora kurinda ibintu gusa no kongera igihe cyo kubika, ariko kandi bugira uruhare mukuzamura ibicuruzwa byemewe no kwagura ibicuruzwa. Ku isoko, ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gupakira ibintu bifite imiterere igoye yoroshye kubera igitutu. Ibintu nkubuvuzi, ibiryo, kwisiga, ibikoresho, ibikoresho bito byuma nibikoresho bya mashini, hamwe n ibikinisho, impano, imitako nibindi bintu bikunze kugaragara mumasoko yihitiyemo no mumaduka acururizwamo.

Duhereye ku gupakira ibikoresho, uburyo bubiri bwo gupakira ni ubwoko bumwe, ariko amahame n'imikorere yabo kimwe nuburyo bwo gupakira bifite ibiranga.

1.Ingingo zisanzwe hagati ya bliste gupakira no gupakira uruhu

D. Mubisanzwe, gupakira biraboneye kugirango ibirimo biboneke kandi bishobora kumanikwa no kwerekanwa.

2.Irashobora gupakira ibintu bifite ishusho igoye kandi irashobora gupakira ibintu mumatsinda cyangwa nibice byinshi.

Hanze yo gupakira, ubukorikori

3.Binyuze muburyo bwa substrate no gucapa neza, ingaruka zo kwamamaza ibicuruzwa zirashobora kuzamurwa.

@ Ugereranije nibindiibikoresho byo gupakira uburyo, ibiciro byo gupakira ni byinshi, gukoresha akazi ni byinshi, kandi gupakira neza ni bike 2. Itandukaniro riri hagati yo gupakira ibisebe no gupakira uruhu.

D kurinda ibicuruzwa. Gupakira ibisebe bifite inzitizi kandi birashobora kuba byuzuye. Ariko, guhuza umubiri ntibishobora kugera kubikorwa 2-bipakira. Gupakira blister biroroshye gushyira mubikorwa ibyikora cyangwa guteranya umurongo, ariko bisaba gusimbuza ibishushanyo. Irakwiriye kubuto buke-bunini bwo gupakira. Gupakira neza uruhu biragoye kugera kubikorwa byikora cyangwa guteranya umurongo, kandi umusaruro urakabije. Ariko, ntibisaba gusimbuza ibishushanyo kandi birakwiriye kubyara ibicuruzwa byinshi kandi binini cyane.

Igiciro cyo gupakira. Ibikoresho byo gupakira hamwe nibikoresho byo gupakira blister birahenze cyane. Kubintu binini kandi biremereye hamwe nuduce duto, igiciro kiri hejuru kubera gukenera gukora ibishushanyo. Gupakira uruhu muri rusange bihendutse, ariko bisaba imirimo myinshi kandi bihenze mubikorwa byinshi byo gupakira.

4.Ingaruka yo gupakira. Gupakira blister nibyiza kandi birashobora kongera agaciro kubicuruzwa. Isura yo gupakira uruhu ikwiranye ni bibi cyane kubera umwobo muto wo guhumeka kuri substrate.

Kubwibyo, gupakira ibisebe birakwiriye kubwinshi, ibintu bito, nibintu bidasaba inzitizi nziza. Gupakira uruhu birakwiriye mubice bito byibintu bifite imiterere igoye yangiritse byoroshye mugihe cyo kuzenguruka kandi bidasaba inzitizi.

 

Gupakira blister byakoreshejwe bwa mbere mugupakira imiti. Mu rwego rwo gutsinda ikibazo cyo gufata imiti mu macupa y’ibirahure, amacupa ya pulasitike n’andi macupa, gupakira ibisebe byagaragaye mu myaka ya za 1950 kandi byarakoreshejwe cyane. Nyuma yubushakashatsi bwimbitse no gukomeza kunoza ibikoresho bipfunyika blisteri, inzira hamwe nimashini, byateye imbere cyane mubijyanye nubwiza bwo gupakira, umuvuduko wumusaruro nubukungu. Muri iki gihe, usibye gupakira ibinini bya farumasi, capsules na suppositions, binakoreshwa cyane mu gupakira ibiryo, ibikenerwa bya buri munsi nibindi bintu.

Gupakira ibisebe birashobora kurinda ibintu ubuhehere, ivumbi, kwanduza, kwiba no kwangirika, byongerera igihe cyo kubika ibicuruzwa, kandi the transparent hamwe namabwiriza yo gukoresha yacapishijwe kuri substrate, bitanga korohereza abaguzi. Umuti urapakirwa kuri aluminium foil substrate ukurikije igipimo. Izina ryimiti, gufata amabwiriza nandi makuru byacapwe inyuma ya fayili ya aluminium. Yitwa PTP (kanda unyuze mumapaki) ipakira mumahanga kandi yitwa press-through packaging mubushinwa kuko iyo uyifashe, ikanda mukiganza. Hamwe na bliste, imiti irashobora gukurwa hifashishijwe feri ya aluminium yinyuma, cyangwa igashyirwa mumunwa kugirango wirinde kwanduza. Bimwe mubintu bito nkamakaramu yumupira, ibyuma, kwisiga, nibindi bipakiye mubipfunyika bipfunyitse hamwe namakarito. Gushyigikirwa birashobora gukorwa muburyo bwo kumanikwa no kumanikwa ku gipangu, bigaragara cyane kandi bigira uruhare mu kurimbisha no kumenyekanisha, bifitiye akamaro kugurisha