Zinthu zakuthupi zomwe zimakhudza kuyika kwapang'onopang'ono pamabokosi amakapu amtundu wamba
Zinthu zakuthupi zimatengera momwe mankhwalawo amakhudzira mawonekedwe ake panthawi yamoyo wake. Ntchito yoteteza thupi pakupakira makonda makapu mabokosi yogulitsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zaukadaulo kuteteza kayendetsedwe kabwino ka zinthu potsitsa ndikutsitsa, kusungirako ndi kunyamula, kuti zinthuzo zifike komwe akupita bwino kapena kumaliza ntchitoyo. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kusanthula mosamala momwe zinthu zilili komanso makina azinthuzo, kupeza zofunikira zachitetezo ndi chidziwitso chatsatanetsatane chazinthu, komanso momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira komanso kuwonongeka musanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito njira zaukadaulo zonyamula mabokosi amakapu achikhalidwe. Kupaka zinthu.
Cholinga ndi udindo wa kuwunika kwa thupi ndi makina azinthu zazinthu zimaphatikizapo zinthu zitatu: d kupanga njira zamakono zopangira katundu; @ kukwaniritsa kuyimilira kwa ma CD, kuti zinthu zomwe zili ndi zinthu zomwezo zigwiritse ntchito njira zaukadaulo zomwezo; kusiyanasiyana kwa zinthu zolongedza, kuchepetsa ntchito zolongedza komanso ndalama zoyendetsera, kuchepetsa kulongedza ndi ndalama zoyendera. Kuwunika kwakuthupi ndi kwamakina ndi mawonekedwe azinthu kumakhala ndi zambiri, monga kapangidwe kazinthu zopangidwa, mawonekedwe azinthu, zinthu zokhazikika, zida zapadera ndi zina zotero.
1.the zinthu zikuchokera makhalidwe a katundu yogulitsa makonda mabokosi makeke
Makhalidwe azinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndizomwe zimapangidwira, ndipo wopanga ma CD ayenera kuganizira kaye mawonekedwe a chinthucho. Zida zosiyanasiyana zomwe zili kunja kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa thupi, mankhwala, nyengo kapena zachilengedwe, kuwonongeka kwa makina ndi kosiyana, komanso kuwonongeka kwa katundu wolongedza chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kumakhalanso kosiyana. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kusiyanasiyana kwazinthu zopangira mankhwala kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kusankha zinthu zoyeretsera, zotetezera, zipangizo zamkati zamkati, zipangizo zopangira zinthu ndi zipangizo zakunja.
Mtundu. Chifukwa chake opanga ma phukusi amayenera kudziwa momwe angawonongere ndi kuwononga zida zosiyanasiyana komanso njira zodzitetezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso choyambira ichi pakupanga mapaketi.
2. Yogulitsa makonda makapu mabokosi Thupi katundu wa mankhwala.
Dziwani momwe zinthu zilili, pangani zotengerazo kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zachitetezo chazinthu ndi zina zomwe mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito. Zofunikira za mankhwalawo zitha kugawidwa m'magulu okhudzidwa ndi mankhwala, kukhudzidwa kwa thupi, kukhudzidwa kukana, kuyanjana kwazinthu, kapangidwe kake, kukula ndi mtundu, kuchotsera, mtundu wa katundu, mtengo wazinthu ndi zina zotero. 1, Kukhudzika kwathupi kunjenjemera, kugwedezeka ndi zina zakunja Kukangana kumatha kuwononga thupi kapena kusagwira bwino kwa chinthucho. Kuchokera pamawonekedwe opaka, kusanthula kwa fragility ya chinthucho makamaka kumatanthawuza kugwedezeka, kugwedezeka ndi zina.
Zowonongeka, gawo la radiation, gawo lamagetsi, gawo la electrostatic ndi zina zakunja zimatha kuwononga malonda.
(1)Pamwamba pa roughness amafuna chitetezo chokhwima pamwamba pa mankhwala omalizidwa, madzi pamwamba, kuwala galasi pamwamba
(2)Kugwedezeka ndi kugwedezeka kuchokera kumalo owonetsera kugwedeza
Chitetezo,makonda makapu mabokosi WholesaleOpanga ma CD ayenera kumvetsetsa bwino momwe zinthu zilili, kuphatikiza mawonekedwe, kukula ndi malo omwe ali pakati pa mphamvu yokoka, misa ndi inertia pokhudzana ndi mbali zitatu-dimensional axis, transportability, pressure position, attachment point ndi kukweza malo, fragility value, natural pafupipafupi, etc.
The fragility value, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti brittleness, ndiyo kuchuluka kwa mathamangitsidwe komwe chinthu chingathe kupirira popanda kuwononga thupi kapena kugwira ntchito ndipo nthawi zambiri chimawonetsedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa mathamangitsidwe amphamvu yokoka, G. Mtengo wa fragility umadziwikanso kuti brittleness. Table 2-1 muyeso yankhondo yaku US MIL HDBK 304 ikuwonetsa kufooka kwa chinthu.
Kuchuluka kwa brittleness ya mankhwalawa, kumapangitsanso mphamvu zake zolimbana ndi mphamvu zakunja, zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa mosamala panthawi ya mapangidwe. Mtengo wovomerezeka wa brittleness [G ndi mtengo wololeka wololera wa chinthucho, wotchulidwa pamaziko a zinthu monga mtengo, mphamvu ndi kufunikira kwa chinthucho, chomwe chiri chochepera kapena chofanana ndi mtengo wokhazikika wa brittleness. Popanga ma CD ochititsa chidwi, kuchuluka kwambiri kwa mathamangitsidwe azinthu kuyenera kukhala kochepa kuposa mtengo wovomerezeka wa fragility.
(3)Kuchuluka kwa gawo lakunja kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zapadera, komanso ngozi zazikulu.
Zapaderazinthu monga zinthu zoopsa, zamagetsi mwatsatanetsatane ndi zinthu zina zaukadaulo wapamwamba, opanga ma CD odzaza mabokosi a makeke osinthidwa makonda amayenera kumvetsetsa bwino momwe amakhudzira mphamvu zakumunda zakunja ndikutengera njira zodzitetezera.
3. mphamvu ndi fragility
Mphamvu imatanthawuza kuthekera kwa chinthu kukana kupunduka kwambiri kapena kusweka. Mphamvu ndi fragility ya mankhwala zimatsimikizira zofunikira ndi mlingo wa chitetezo cha phukusi. Pankhani ya mphamvu ndi fragility, mankhwala akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: mankhwala osalimba, zinthu mwatsatanetsatane ndi zosagwira mankhwala, ndi mankhwala zosagwira akhoza kugawidwa mu zinthu zosagwira kusintha ndi okhwima kusamva mankhwala. Zopanda zolimba komanso zolondola ndizofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo chodzidzimutsa.
Kugwirizana pakati pa zida ndi zinthu, komanso kuyanjana pakati pa zida zosiyanasiyana zomangira, ndizofunikira pakuyika kwazinthu.
Kugwirizana kwazinthu Zomangamanga zambiri zida (kuphatikiza zida zomangira) zimalumikizana mwachindunji ndi zinthuzo, ndipo mawonekedwe akuthupi azinthu ziwirizi ayenera kukhala ogwirizana kuti apewe zotsatira zakuthupi zomwe mowa nthawi zambiri zimakhala. Kuphatikiza apo, zida zambiri zomangira zimapanga magetsi osasunthika zikagwidwa ndi mantha komanso kugwedezeka, kapena litimakonda makapu a makekeamadzaza ndi zinthu zambiri kuti apewe kukangana ndi zitsulo. Ma electrostatic charger awa akamafika pamalo enaake, sangathe kutulutsa zoyaka komanso amatha kukopa fumbi kapena zinthu zina.
4. Zomangamanga ndi mfundo zowonongeka zimatsimikizira momwe mankhwalawa amapangidwira ndi kuthandizidwa, komanso mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa ma cushions mu bokosi la ma CD.
Zigawo zowoneka bwino ndi ngodya zakuthwa za chinthu zimafunikira chitetezo chapadera, ndipo kukula kwake, misa ndi kugawa, pakati pa mphamvu yokoka, ndi zina zotero, sizimangokhudza kusankha ndi kapangidwe ka chidebe chodzaza ma CD a mabokosi a makapu, komanso kumabweretsa zovuta pakuteteza. phukusi. Kuonjezera apo, kuti atsogolere kulongedza, kusungirako ndi zoyendetsa, nthawi zina zimakhala zofunikira kupatutsa mankhwala kuti azinyamula ndi transport. Mgwirizano wapakatikati ndi mgwirizano pakati pa opanga zinthu ndi opanga mapaketi amtundu uliwonse wamabokosi amakapu osinthidwa makonda kumathandiza kuthetsa zovutazi. Asanayambe kupanga ma CD azinthu zam'manja, opanga ma CD amayenera kudziwa ngati malo omwe mankhwalawa adzagwiritsidwe ali ndi zida zofunikira, zida ndi luso laukadaulo wopanga msonkhano.
5. Katundu mtundu wa yogulitsa makonda makapu mabokosi
Mtundu wa katundu umatanthawuza kugawidwa kwa katundu pa katundu woikidwa, omwe amapangidwa pamene katunduyo aikidwa. Malinga ndi mtundu wa katundu, mankhwala akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: zosavuta kunyamula, zovuta kunyamula ndi zapakati. Zogulitsa zosavuta kuziyika zimatchedwa zosavuta kutsitsa. Iwo ali yunifolomu kachulukidwe kugawa, miyeso yokhazikika ndi zosavuta kunyamula. Nthawi zambiri, ma CD amkati, akunja ndi pallet amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pakatikati pa mphamvu yokoka ya zinthu zomwe zapakidwa zili pakatikati pa geometric pachotengera cholongedza. Zogulitsa zovuta kunyamula zimatchedwa zinthu zovuta kutsitsa ngati kugawa kachulukidwe sikuli kofanana, ndipo zinthu zokhala ndi miyeso yosagwirizana sizingadzaze kwathunthu chidebe choyikamo kapena zilibe malo othandizira omwe ali muchotengera. Ngati chithandizo chapadera ndi teknoloji yoyikirayi sikugwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga mapepala, kupanikizika kwapakatikati kumatha kuchitika panthawi yotsitsa, kutsitsa ndi kunyamula, zomwe zingawononge ma CD. Pakatikati pa mphamvu yokoka yazinthu zomwe zimakhala zovuta kunyamula pambuyo pakulongedza nthawi zambiri sizikhala pakatikati pa chidebe cholongedza, ndipo chidebe choyikamo chimayenera kulembedwa pakatikati pa chithunzi champhamvu yokoka panthawi yosungira komanso mayendedwe malinga ndi malamulo kuti zitsimikizire kutsitsa kotetezeka. , kutsitsa ndi kusamalira. Katundu wapakatikati ali pakati pa katundu wosavuta komanso wovuta kutsitsa, monga zitini ndi zakumwa za m'mabotolo.
6. Mtengo wazinthu zamabokosi opangira makeke ogulitsa
Mtengo wazinthu ndi gawo lofunikira lopangira kuti opanga ma CD aziganizira. Kumbali imodzi, opanga ma CD amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mtengo wotsika kwambiri kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zachitetezo chazinthu; kumbali ina, ngati fungulo kapena chigawo chofunika kwambiri cha mankhwala chiwonongeka, chikhoza kubweretsa kutayika kwakukulu kwa mankhwala, ndipo mtengo wa mankhwala sudzakhalanso chinthu chofunika kwambiri .... Read more
zinthu muyezo ndi makonda wa Kukulitsa standardization wa ma CD, mankhwala ayenera m'gulu ndi makhalidwe thupi. Zogulitsa zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana kapena ofanana ndi thupi ndi mankhwala monga zinthu zomwe zagawika zimatchedwa zinthu zokhazikika, ndipo zatsopanozi nthawi zambiri zimapakidwa molingana ndi njira zomwe zilipo kale zamabokosi a makapu. Zogulitsa zomwe zilibe zofanana kapena zofananira zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala monga zida zamagulu zimatchedwa zopangidwa mwachizolowezi, ndipo zinthuzi ziyenera kupakidwa zisanapake, ndipo zojambula zatsatanetsatane ndi zomangira ziyenera kuperekedwa.
Zogulitsa zapadera zomwe zili mugulu lazinthu Zapadera zimaphatikizanso zinthu zowopsa ndi zinthu zazing'ono zamagetsi
1. katundu woopsa
Zogulitsa zomwe zimakhala zophulika, zoyaka moto, zapoizoni, zowonongeka, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zingayambitse ngozi ndi kuwonongeka kwa katundu mosavuta panthawi yoyendetsa, kukweza, kutsitsa ndi kusungirako, ndipo zimafuna chitetezo chapadera, zimatchedwa katundu woopsa. Muyezo wadziko lonse wa CB6944 "Classification and Labeling of Dangerous Goods" umagawaniza katundu wowopsa m'magulu asanu ndi anayi.
Cholinga chachikulu cha ma CD katundu wowopsa ndi kuteteza kuwonongeka komwe kungachitike pakukweza, kutsitsa, kuyendetsa, kusunga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoopsa. Kuvuta kwa chikhalidwe cha katundu woopsa okha ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zachilengedwe zakunja. Mwachitsanzo, ufa ukhoza kukhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zina zimene zimawononga chilengedwe. Ena amakhudzidwa ndi mantha, ena amakangana, ndipo ena amawunikira, kutentha, magetsi osasunthika, ndi zina zotero. Panthawi yonyamula, kutsitsa, kuyendetsa ndi kusungirako, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoopsa zimatha kuonekera pakati pa zinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto aakulu pakunyamula katundu woopsa. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida, mfuti ndi pyrotechnics pamsika wachitetezo ndi zinthu zowopsa komanso zophulika. Zotengera zotere sayenera kungotsimikizira chitetezo cha mankhwala, komanso kuonetsetsa kusungidwa kodalirika kwa nthawi yayitali, kusinthasintha kwa kayendetsedwe kake komanso kosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Kuyika kwa katundu wowopsa kumayenera kutsatira "Malamulo a International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Sea" operekedwa ndi International Maritime Organisation.
Kutetezedwa.
2.Microelectronics mankhwala
Ma Microelectronics ndi zinthu zapadera monga zigawo zazikuluzikulu zophatikizika, ma board ophatikizika ophatikizika ndi zinthu zina zophatikizika zamakina owoneka bwino komanso zamagetsi. Iwo samangomvera chinyezi ndi dzimbiri, komanso kugwedezeka ndi kugwedezeka. Amakhalanso okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zisonkhezero zakunja. Zowopsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mphamvu yamunda. Kuteteza ndi kuteteza ku minda yamagetsi, ma electrostatic field ndi ma radiation ndikofunika kwambiri pakugwira ntchito ndi moyo wautumiki wa zinthuzi. Chitetezo chamagulu ndi gawo lofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kudalirika ndi moyo wonse wa chipangizocho, ndipo chitetezo ichi chiyenera kukhala chokwanira komanso chodalirika. Pazinthu zonse zopangira mankhwala, kuchokera kumagulu kupita ku msonkhano kukhala zigawo kapena zigawo ndi kusonkhanitsa zigawozo kukhala zinthu, kunyalanyaza kulikonse mu chitetezo cha phukusi kungakhale ndi zotsatira zoopsa ndipo kumabweretsa kutayika kwakukulu.
Kukhudzika kwa electrostatic discharge kwazinthu zina zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zikuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 2-3. Kukhudzidwa kwa magetsi osasunthika kumatanthawuza kuchuluka komwe chinthu chimawonongeka ndi magetsi osasunthika. Kuchuluka kwa chiwopsezo cha electrostatic, kapena kuopsa kwa kuwonongeka kwa electrostatic, kumadalira kuchuluka kwa ma static build-up (electrostatic voltage) ndi kutengeka kwamagetsi kwa chinthucho kutulutsa ma electrostatic discharge. Kukwera kwamagetsi a electrostatic kumapangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu. Kukwera kwa electrostatic susceptibility ya chinthucho, kumapangitsa kuti chiwopsezo chake chiwonongeke ndi electrostatic.
Chida chopakidwa chimangosintha mawonekedwe ake panthawi yozungulira, osapanga zinthu zatsopano. Kusintha kwa kachulukidwe, mtundu, gloss, fungo, ukalamba, sublimation, volatilization, decomposition, melting point, kuwira mphamvu, plasticity, conductivity thermal conductivity, conductivity magetsi, optical properties, etc. akhoza kuyesedwa. Zonsezi zikhoza kuyezedwa ndi mphamvu za munthu monga lilime, lilime ndi thupi, kapena zida zoyesera. Kusintha kwakuthupi kusanachitike komanso pambuyo pake kuzinthu zomwe zapakidwa, mtundu ndi mtundu wazinthu zomwe zapakidwa sizidziwika. Apa, timapereka makamaka zosintha zamitundu itatu zamabokosi amakapu ogulitsidwa, kulowetsa ndi kutulutsa, kutulutsa kwamafuta ndi makina a kutentha komwe kumalumikizidwa, kusintha kwamagetsi amagetsi ndi kuwala, komanso kusintha kwamakina (mphamvu), ndi zina zambiri.
Zomwe zimachitika pakutha kwazinthu zimalumikizidwa ndi hygroscopicity, kusungunuka kwamadzi ndi hygroscopic point. Hygroscopicity imayimira kuthekera kwa chinthu choyamwa ndikutulutsa chinyezi, chomwe chimakhudza mawonekedwe ake, monga zotchinga madzi, katundu wopindika ndi mapangidwe a thovu. Kusungunuka kwamadzi kumayimira katundu wa nkhungu kuti asungunuke m'madzi osungunuka ndikukhala madzi. Dongosolo la hygroscopic limawonetsa kuchuluka kwa chinyezi komwe chinthu chimayamba kuyamwa chinyezi ndi kutentha kwina ndi kupanikizika. Ngati kupanikizika kumakhala kosalekeza, pamene kutentha kozungulira kumakwera, mfundo ya hygroscopic imachepa pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mankhwalawa azitha kuyamwa chinyezi ndikusungunuka. Ngakhale zinthu zina, monga potaziyamu sulfate, potaziyamu perchlorate, ndi zina zotero, zimakhala ndi madzi osungunuka bwino, mayamwidwe awo ndi ofooka kwambiri, choncho sali ophweka kusungunuka pansi pa kutentha ndi kupanikizika. Palinso zinthu zina, monga chikopa, mapepala, thonje, siponji, guluu wa njerwa, ndi zina zotero, zomwe, ngakhale zili ndi hygroscopicity, sizisungunuka m'madzi ndipo sizisungunuka. Chifukwa chake, zimangokhala ngati chinthucho chili ndi hygroscopicity yayikulu komanso kusungunuka kwamadzi bwino komwe kumatha kusungunuka pang'onopang'ono m'malo achinyezi ndipo pamapeto pake kusungunuka kwathunthu mumadzi. Chinyezi chachibale cha mpweya chimakhala ndi zotsatira zofunikira kwambiri pa mlingo wa kusungunuka kwa mankhwala. Ngati chinyezi wachibale ndi otsika kwambiri, ngakhale mosavuta sungunuka mankhwala ndi mkulu hygroscopicity ndi madzi osamba katundu si zosavuta kupasuka, ndi mikhalidwe ya otsika kwambiri chinyezi wachibale, monga zipululu youma, musalole mankhwala kupasuka.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-12-2023
